CMT
REVIEW
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What makes a good experiment?
CAUSE
AFFECTS
EFFECT
• All other properties remain the same, they are
"controlled".
•
A "VALID" experiment is one that assures
that the result output (dependent variable) is
due to the input (independent variable), not to
any other factor.
•
It also has a starting point to compare to,
the "control"
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CAUSE
HYPOTHESIS:
and
•
Independent
Variable
•
•
•
"Control"
"Manipulated"
Input
and
EFFECT
Dependent
Variable
"Responding"
Measured Result
Output
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FAIR TEST
• How _________ affects _________.
Only change one property (factor, thing) at a
time.
CAUSE and
EFFECT
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Catch IT Task
MEASURE reaction time catching a ruler!
Distance Ruler
Dropped
Reaction Time
(in seconds)
(in centimeters)
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3
4
5
10
15
20
25
30
.05
.07
.08
.09
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.20
0.23
0.25
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•ELABORATE
•Investigation #2: What Affects Reaction Time?
•In Investigation #1, you may have noticed that people have different
reaction times. Through your research, you have learned how the
senses and the brain communicate to cause reactions. What human
characteristics or environmental conditions do you think might affect
how fast someone can react? In Investigation #2, you will identify a
reaction time question to explore.
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Experiment
•Do your experiment following the steps below:
•1.DECIDE on a research question. RECORD it in your science notebook.
•2.
DESIGN a plan to conduct your investigation.
•3.
CREATE a data table in your science notebook that will help you keep your
measurements organized. You will also want to record any unexpected observations and
questions.
•4.
CONDUCT your experiment. Collect and record data for each trial in your
notebook.
•5.
CALCULATE the average time it took for each subject to catch the ruler.
RECORD the average reaction times for each subject in your data table.
•6.
DRAW a bar graph that compares the average reaction times of your subjects for
the factor you tested.
•7. INTERPRET the data. What conclusions can you draw based on the graph? Did the
factor you investigated have an effect on the reaction times of your subjects?
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WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN
EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE?
•
•
•
•
Matter
Energy
How they interact
How do we use them?
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HOW DO WE OBSERVE
MATTER?
• Senses
• Tools
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WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN PHYSICAL
CHANGE
and a
CHEMICAL CHANGE?
• Physical Change is the same substance
• Chemical Change new substance (compound)
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WHAT MAKES UP MATTER?
• Molecules, atoms, elements, mixtures, etc…
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PUT THESE IN ORDER OF
SIZE:
Cell
atom
molecule
grain of sand
• Atoms make up molecules which are in
cells which are smaller than a grain of sand
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WHAT'S AN ATOM?
• Smallest part of an element that is still an
element.
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WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS
COME FROM?
• The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of
water in the cells in your body….
• …have been traveling around the earth
since it was formed
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Does anything ever go away?
• No!, just recycled around and around
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WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM?
• Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus)
• Electrons orbiting around
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HOW ARE ELEMENTS
DIFFERENT?
• Elements…. Different number of protons
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HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE
PERIODIC?
• Arranged by similar properties that repeat.
• Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike,
because the same number of outside electrons
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WHAT'S A COMPOUND?
• 2 or more atoms joined together.
• Like H2O, water (di hydrogen monoxide),
or O2 (oxygen gas)
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WHY DO ATOMS JOIN?
• Atoms join to exchange or share outer
electrons
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RULE OF EIGHT
• Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals) Gain
an electron is NEGATIVE (non metals)
• OPPOSITES ATTRACT: Form Compounds
IONIC (Give/Get)
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COVALENT (Share)
• Organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, share outer electrons.
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WHAT ARE THE STATES
(PHASES) OF MATTER?
• SOLIDS,
LIQUIDS, GASES
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What are the differences in the
phases?
• Gases: like preschoolers in a gym!
• Liquids: like middleschoolers at a dance!
• Solids: like elderly at a Bingo dinner!
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HOW DO THEY CHANGE
FROM ONE TO THE OTHER?
• Solid --> Liquid --> Gas Take In heat to
break bonds
• Gas --> Liquid --> Solid Give Off heat to
form bonds (you could say take in cold)
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WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN HEAT AND
TEMPERATURE?
• Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy
of each molecule.
• Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred.
• Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature,
different heat
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WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN
WHICH HEAT CAN BE
TRANSFERRED?
• Conduction: molecules touch like dominos
• Convection: hot molecules spread apart
from each other and rise, or cool and fall.
• Radiation: Light/Heat travel to move
molecules
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WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT
MELTS?
• It stays the same ( 0° C ) while melting… it
takes in heat from the air to break the bonds
NOT to make molecules move faster
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WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER
ON A HUMID DAY?
• You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to
Gas) and taking in heat from…
• Your skin!
• If the sweat can’t evaporate (air is “full”) you stay
HOT!
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What causes weather?
• Heat
• Humidity
• Air Pressure
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How does the water and wind affect
weather?
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How does weather change?
• Cold, high, dry
• Warm, wet, low
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF
ENERGY?
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Types NOT sources
Heat (movement of molecules)
Kinetic (movement)
Chemical (electrons)
Light/Radiation
Electrical
Nuclear
And each kind can have POTENTIAL
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HOW CAN ENERGY BE
TRANSFORMED FROM ONE
KIND TO ANOTHER?
• Devices/Things change energy from one
kind to another
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What are the energy
transformations for a
TOASTER?
• Coal is burned at plant (chemical)
• Heats up water (heat) to make steam
• Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns
wire near a magnet
• Makes electricity, travels to your house
• Toaster changes electricity to heat.
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HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE
THROUGH THE EARTH?
• Normally: Carbon from Animals to Air To
Plants, to Ground to Animals.
• Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more
carbon to be added
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Where do Rocks come from?
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What causes earthquakes?
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What makes things move?
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What holds bridges up?
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How do we graph motion?
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WHICH HITS THE GROUND FIRST< A STEEL OR PLASTIC
BALL?
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What causes planets to move?
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What causes the seasons?
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What causes eclipses?
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What causes tides?
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Last Hints…..
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Think what you already know!
Draw diagrams!
Write so it makes sense!
Do well!
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