Chemistry 101






Dr. Don DeCoste
109 Chemistry Annex
decoste@illinois.edu
244-5959
2-3 pm Mondays and 10-11 am
Thursdays
By appointment
1
To Do…




http://chem.illinois.edu
Slides on the website (after each
lecture)
Lab tomorrow (see Sig Fig video on
website).
Lon-Capa (HW1 Type 2 due
Wednesday, January 29 by 7 pm).
2
Chemistry – Some Big Ideas

Atoms have structure.
Subatomic particles – electrons,
protons, and neutrons.
 Atoms are mostly open space.
 Atoms can attract (and repel) one
another.

3
Atomic Structure–So What?





Bonds form within molecules.
Molecules are sticky (forces between
molecules).
Different reactivities of elements (why
is He in Mylar balloons?).
Fireworks.
Pools close during a thunderstorm.
4
Atomic Structure:
How Do We Know?


Thomson and the electron.
Rutherford and the nucleus:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pZj
0u_XMbc
5
Simple Model of an Atom
6
NOT A Correct View
7
Clicker Question
How many of the following are true regarding the number
of protons in an atom?
I. Identifies the element.
II. Gives the number of electrons in a neutral atom.
III. Gives the number of neutrons in a neutral atom.
IV. Tells the element’s atomic number.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
0
1
2
3
4
8
Using The Periodic Table



Element: neutral; defined by the
number of protons.
Ions: positive or negatively charged;
comes from a differing number of
electrons.
Isotopes: atoms of the same
element with differing number of
neutrons.
9
Forming a Cation
10
Forming an Anion
11
Isotopes of Sodium
12
Using The Periodic Table


Symbol, name, number of protons
(all of these are related).
Number of electrons in a neutral
atom or in an ion.
13
Using The Periodic Table
14
Using The Periodic Table
15
Using The Periodic Table

Formulas of some ionic compounds.

Naming simple compounds.
[Chapter 5 material]
16
Three Types of Binary Compounds

Metal (Groups 1, 2, 3) and nonmetal


Metal (transition) and nonmetal


Simple naming: sodium chloride [NaCl], calcium
bromide [CaBr2].
Roman numerals: iron(II) oxide [FeO].
Two nonmetals

Prefixes: carbon dioxide [CO2].
17
Three Types of Binary
Compounds

CaO

CoO

CO
18
Three Types of Binary
Compounds

CaO
calcium oxide

CoO
cobalt(II) oxide

CO
carbon monoxide
19
Type I Compound
CaO
calcium oxide
20
Type I Compound
CaO
calcium oxide
Charge Balance:
Ca2+ O2(2+) + (2-) = 0
21
Type II Compound
CoO
cobalt(II) oxide
22
Type II Compound
CoO
cobalt(II) oxide
23
Type II Compound
CoO
cobalt(II) oxide
Co2+ O2(2+) + (2-) = 0
Co2O3
cobalt(III) oxide
Co3+ O22(3+) + 3(2-) = 0
24
Type III Compound
CO
carbon monoxide
25
Type III Compound
CO
carbon monoxide
26
Type I Compound
Ca3P2
calcium phosphide
27
Type II Compound
28
Type III Compound
N2O5
dinitrogen pentoxide
29
30
Polyatomic Ions






Ammonium
Nitrate
Sulfate
Hydroxide
Phosphate
Carbonate
31
Clicker Question
Which of the following is the correct
name for the compound with the formula
MgF2?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
magnesium(II) fluoride
magnesium difluoride
magnesium fluoride
magnesium fluorite
magnesium fluorate
32
Clicker Question
Which of the following is the correct
name for the compound with the formula
MgF2?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
magnesium(II) fluoride
magnesium difluoride
magnesium fluoride
magnesium fluorite
magnesium fluorate
33
Clicker Question
Which of the following is named
incorrectly?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
PCl3
KCl
CuO
Cu2O
CO
phosphorus trichloride
potassium(I) chloride
copper(II) oxide
copper(I) oxide
carbon monoxide
34
Clicker Question
Which of the following is named
incorrectly?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
PCl3
KCl
CuO
Cu2O
CO
phosphorus trichloride
potassium(I) chloride
copper(II) oxide
copper(I) oxide
carbon monoxide
35
Uncertainty in Measurement
36
Clicker Question
How many significant
figures should be
reported?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1
2
3
4
5
37
Clicker Question
How many significant
figures should be
reported?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
1
2
3
4
5
38
Clicker Question
What is the volume
reading of the buret?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
20.14
20.15
20.16
20.17
20.18
39
Clicker Question
Leading zeroes are ____ significant,
captive zeroes are ____ significant, and
trailing zeros are ____ significant.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
always, always, always
never, never, never
sometimes, sometimes, sometimes
never, sometimes, sometimes
never, always, sometimes
40
Clicker Question
Leading zeroes are ____ significant,
captive zeroes are ____ significant, and
trailing zeros are ____ significant.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
always, always, always
never, never, never
sometimes, sometimes, sometimes
never, sometimes, sometimes
never, always, sometimes
41
Clicker Question
How many significant figures are in the
measurement 0.030140 liters?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3
4
5
6
7
42
Clicker Question
How many significant figures are in the
measurement 0.030140 liters?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
3
4
5
6
7
43
Clicker Question
You add 82.4 mL of water in a graduated
cylinder to 25 mL of water in a beaker.
How much water should you report?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
100 mL (1 significant figure)
110 mL (2 significant figures)
110. mL (3 significant figures)
107 mL (3 significant figures)
107.4 (4 significant figures)
44
Clicker Question
You add 82.4 mL of water in a graduated
cylinder to 25 mL of water in a beaker.
How much water should you report?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
100 mL (1 significant figure)
110 mL (2 significant figures)
110. mL (3 significant figures)
107 mL (3 significant figures)
107.4 (4 significant figures)
45
Restrictions on Reactions

Element conservation.
CHEMISTRY 102-104:
 Thermodynamics: Suniv must increase.

Kinetics: time is a factor for reactions to
occur.
46
Chemistry – Some Big Ideas

Chemical changes are
accompanied by energy
changes.
Reactions are due to breaking bonds
and forming bonds.
 Exothermic versus endothermic.

47