Experimentalists & Theoreticians
Nano & Fusion
Nano & Fusion (1)
Wikipedia
Sir Humphry Davy(Chemistry 1778-1829)
● 1807— Discover several alkali and
alkaline earth metals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba, B)
by electrolysis using voltaic pile
●laughing gas(nitrous gas N2O)
●First arc lamp, ●Davy lamp
Michael Faraday
(Scientist, Chemist 1791-1867)
● electrochemistry, electromagnetism
●benzene, ● Bunsen burner with Davy
● metallic Au nanoparticle•••nanoscience
●environmental science
Nano & Fusion (2)
Robert Bunsen(Chemistry 1811-1899)
● Organometallic compd. almost died &
lost sight in his right eye •••cacodyl (organo
arsenic molecule) •••Me radical
● Bunsen cell battery(1841 Pt→ C)
●Photochemistry ● Bunsen burner
Gustav Kirchhoff(Physics, Chemistry 18241887) ● Kirchhoff’ laws (circuit theory,
thermodynamics) ● Spectroscopy•••black
body radiation
● Bunsen-Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy
● 1860-61 Bunsen & Kirchhoff discovered Cs &
Rb by spectrum analysis
Cs Forty tons of mineral water from Dürkheim was
concentrated to isolate 17 g of deep blue element
They were the first recipients of the prestigious
Davy Medal for their researches & discoveries in
spectrum analysis
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) German
physicist. He coined the term “black body 黒体輻射" radiation in
1862, and two different sets of concepts (one in circuit theory, and
one in thermodynamics) are named "Kirchhoff's laws" after him;
there is also a Kirchhoff's Law in thermochemistry.
ローベルト・ブンゼンとともに、分光学研究に取り組み、セシウムとル
ビジウムを発見した。フラウンホーファーが発見した太陽光スペクト
ルの暗線（フラウンホーファー線）がナトリウムのスペクトルと同じ位
置に見られることを明らかにし、分光学的方法により太陽の構成元
素を同定できることを示した。
The current entering any junction is equal to
the current leaving that junction. i2 + i3 = i1 + i4
フラウンホーファー線は、一連のスペクトルで、ドイツの物理学者ヨゼフ・フォン・フラウン
ホーファーの名前に由来する。太陽光の可視光スペクトルのなかに暗線として観測された。
1802年、イギリスのウイリアム・ウォラストンが、太陽光のスペクトルのなかにいくつかの暗
線の存在を報告した。1814年にフラウンホーファーは、ウォーラストンとは別に、暗線を発
見し、系統的な研究を行い、570を超える暗線について波長を計測した。主要な線にAから
Kの記号をつけ、弱い線については別の記号をつけた。
グスタフ・キルヒホッフとローベルト・ブンゼンによって、それぞれの線が、太陽の上層に存
在するいろいろな元素や地球の大気中の酸素などによって吸収されたスペクトルであるこ
とが示された。
他の恒星のドップラー効果によるフラウンホーファー線の波長のズレを調べることで、その
恒星と太陽系との相対速度を知ることができる
Na D1, D2
He D3
O2 B, a
Nano & Fusion (3)
Charles(良男) J. Pedersen(Chemistry, 1904-1989)
● Synthesis of Crown ethers, ● Naked anion
Born in Pusan(釜山), Korea, Norwegian father
and Japanese mother •• International school in
Yokohama •• Univ. Dayton in Ohio (at 18) ••MIT
••DuPont(at 23). At 63(1967), he published two papers about
crown ethers →At 83(1987) received Nobel Prize with Donald
Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. Supramolecule
Cs+
Crown ether to detect Cs+ by
Nano & Fusion (4)
Linus C. Pauling (1901–1994) (Chemist, Biochemist,
Peace activist, Author, Educator)
Oregon Agricultural College (16).
● In his last two years at school, Pauling
became aware of the work of Gilbert N.
Lewis and Irving Langmuir on the
electronic structure of atoms and their
bonding to form molecules.→ ● Caltech
(Crystallography) → ●Guggenheim
Fellowship to study under A.
Sommerfeld, N. Bohr, E. Schrödinger →
● Quantum chemistry
New concept: hybridization
The Nature of the Chemical Bond(1939)
1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
● Valence Bond Theory(Quantum chemistry)
● Biological Molecule
● Molecular Genetics
● Molecular Medicine ??
•Pauling is notable for the diversity of his
interests: quantum mechanics, inorganic
chemistry, organic chemistry, protein
structure, molecular biology, and medicine. In
all these fields, and especially on the
boundaries between them, he made decisive
contributions.
• Pauling's work on crystal structure
contributed significantly to the prediction and
elucidation of the structures of complex
minerals and compounds.
• His discovery of the alpha helix and beta
sheet is a fundamental foundation for the
study of protein structure
L. Pauling as an educator
Williams Lipscomb (Boron Chemistry, Biochemistry)
1976
Lipscomb’s student R. Hoffman (Extended Hückel)
1981, T.A.Steitz, A. Yonath(Bio) 2009
Martin Karplus(Theory, Molecular dynamics) 2013
Pauling
Lipscomb
Karplus
Hoffman
Steitz
Yonath