The 1st Research Coordination Meeting
Reference Database for PIGE
Van de Graaff Lab in Tehran activities
This presentation includes:
Introduction of group
Research activities of group
PIGE activities in Van de Graaff Lab
Main facility of the laboratory
3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator
producing energetic beams of H+, D+, He+ up to
3 MeV for IBA analysis techniques
TYPICAL ION BEAMS AND INCIDENT ENERGIES USED IN VARIOUS
IBA TECHNIQUES:
TECHNIQUE
PIXE and
ION BEAM
ENERGY
(MeV)
H+
1-3
microPIXE
REMARK
Type and concentration of elements Z>11
Lateral map of elements
RBS
4He+,
H+
1-3
Type, element concentration and depth
profile Z> 4
RBSchanneling
4He+,
H+
1-3
Crystal structure, surface damaged layer,
crystal interface mismatch, dopant, …
ERDA
4He+
NRA
H+, D+
4He+
2-3
0.4 - 3
are used only for the measurement of
H.
Type and concentration of light elements
from H upwards
Elemental Maps in sample 1, Scan area: 2.5×2.5 mm2
Proton
Scanning
Microscopy
Analysis of an
Archeological
Sample
Cl
Cu
K
P
Optical
microscope
image
Sn
X-Ray Spectrum
10000
Cu(Ka)
Center
Edge
P
Counts
1000
Cl
Cu(L)
K
Sn
Cu(Kb)
100
Fe
S
10
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Energy(keV)
X-ray spectra of external region (blue) and
CONVENTIONAL IBA EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:
Ge(Li)
-ray detector
(for PIGE)
COLLIMATORS
VACUUM
CHAMBER
Target
Faraday
cup
Ion
beam
Annular
particle
Detector
(for RBS)
Si (Li)
x-ray detector
(for PIXE)
Annular
particle
detector
(for ERDA)
Experimental facilities
Conventional IBA
reaction chamber
Proton Microprobe
RBS-Channeling system
Research activities of group via
publications since 1972
The number of publications exceeds
150, categorized as follows:





Fundamental Research
Environmental Research
Materials Science
Human Health
Archaeology
Fundamental Research
Publication
Titles
Authors
Juillet-Aout ,No. 172, 1972
Le Van de Graaff de 3 MeV du S.Farrokhi , D.Moghemi ,
Centre Nucléaire de Téhéran
R.Nahavande , M.Pichevar ,
B.Delaunay
Zeitschrift-fuer-Physik,-A(1978), Proton induced LX-ray cross- M.R Khan , A.G Hopkins, D
Vol.288(2) Page133-137.
sections for In ,Sn,Nd,Dy,Pt
Crumpoton , (Aston Univ)
and Au
X-ray Spectrometry,
Kβ/Kα Ratios in Energy
Md.R.Khan and M.Karimi
Vol.9,No.1,1980
dispersive X-Ray Emission
Nuclear instruments and Methods M-Shell X-ray production
in Physic Research B (1996)15- Cross sections of Tb, Ho, Tm
18
and Lu for protons of Energy
2-6 MeV
J. Phys. B:At. Mol. Opt.
L subshell and total M shell xPhys.30(1997)863-872 .
ray production cross sections
of Hg for protons of energy
0.7-2.9 MeV
Nuclear Instruments and
L-sub shell and total M-shell
Methods in Physics Research B
X-ray production cross
247 (2006) 217-222
sections of Ta, W, Pt, Au, Pb
and Bi by 0.7-2.4 MeV protons
F. Shokouhi, S. Fazinic, I.
Bogdanovic, M. Jaksic, V.
Valkovic, H. Afarideh
A.Amirabadi ,
H.Afarideh,S.M.Haji-Saeid ,
F.Shokouhi and H.Peyrovan
M.Goudarzi , F.Shokouhi,
M.Lamehi-Rachti, P.Oliaiy
PIGE activities in VDG lab
Na, Mg, Al and Si excitation
function through
(p,p'γ) ، (p,γ) ، (p,α γ) reactions
PIGE activities in VDG lab
Na, Mg, Al and Si excitation function through
(p,p'γ), (p,γ) & (p,α γ) reactions
(p,p'γ) Reaction mechanisms
X*
p
p'
γ
γ
X
(p,γ) Reaction mechanisms
X*
p
p
γ
γ
X
γ
γ
Y
(p, γ)
γ
(p,αγ) reaction mechanisms
X*
p
γ
γ
α
γ
X
γ
γ
Y
Investigation of 23Na by
PIGE
23
Na + p
24
Mg*
23
Na + p
23
Na* + p
24
Mg* + γ
4
He + 20Ne
4
He + 20Ne*
23Na
and
20Ne
energy levels
Mg: 24Mg 78.8%, 25Mg 10.01%, 26Mg 11.23
Likely nuclear reactions
24
Mg + p
24
24
Mg + p
25
Al*
25
Al* + γ
4
He + 21Na
4
He + 21Ne
25
Mg + p
25
25
26
Mg + p
Mg + p
26
27
Al*
Al*
Mg* + p
26
Mg* + p
Al* + γ
4
He + 22Na
4
He + 22Na*
26
Mg + p
26
Mg* + p
27
Al* + γ
4
He + 23Na
4
He + 23Na*
Investigation
of Mg by
PIGE
27Al
energy levels
Investigation of Al
by PIGE
27
Al + p
28
Si*
27
Al + p
27
Al* + p
28
Si* + γ
4
He + 24Mg
4
He + 24Mg*
28Si
Energy levels
28Si
92.23%, 29Si 4.67%, 30Si 11.23%
Likely nuclear reactions between proton and Si
28
Si + p
29
P*
28
Si + p
28
Si* + p
29
P* + γ
4
4
He + 25Al*
He + Mg*
Si + p
29
29
Si + p
30
P*
Si + p
25
30
29
30
Si + p
Si* + p
30
P* + γ
4
He + 26Al*
4
He + 26Mg*
30
Si* + p
31
P*
31
P* + γ
4
He + 27Al
4
He + 26Al*
29Si
Energy levels
Overlap of γ-ray emission by different targets
Target
Reaction
25
Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
392
585
26
Mg(p,γ)27Al
846
Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
974
25
Mg
25
26
24
27
Al(p,p'γ)27Al
27
Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg
1368
23
23
Al(p,p'γ)27Al
30
Si(p,αγ)27Al
Na(p,γ)24Mg
27
Al(p,αγ)24Mg
Mg(p,p'γ)24Mg
27
442
Na(p,γ)24Mg
1368
23
Na(p,αγ)20Ne
1634
23
Na(p,p'γ)23Na
1636
Al(p,p'γ)27Al
24
Al(p,αγ)24Mg
27
846
26
Mg(p,γ)27Al
27
Al(p,p'γ)27Al
1014
26
Mg(p,γ)27Al
30
27
Al(p,αγ)24Mg
1368
Mg(p,p'γ)24Mγ
23
27
1779
27
Al(p,γ)28Si
2838
Si(p,αγ)27Al
1014
30
1268
Al(p,γ)28Si
30
Si
27
1014
Na(p,p'γ)23Na
Al
Overlap with :
Mg(p,γ) Al
23
Na
Eγ (keV)
Si(p,γ)31P
29
29
1274
28
28
1779
Si(p,p'γ) Si
Si(p,αγ) Si
24
Si(p,αγ)27Al
Na(p,γ)24Mg
28
Si(p,αγ)28Si
26Mg(p,γ)27Al
27
Al(p,γ)28Si
27
Al(p,p'γ)27Al
Q-Values for different (p,γ) reactions
p + 23Na
p + 24Mg
24
Q = 11.693 MeV
Al*
Q = 2.271 MeV
25
p + 25Mg
p + 26Mg
Mg*
26
Al*
27
p + 27Al
p + 28Si
p + 30Si
Al*
Q = 8.271 MeV
28
Q = 11.585 MeV
Si*
29
P*
p + 29Si
Q = 6.306 MeV
Q = 2.279 MeV
30
Q =4.394 MeV
P*
Q = 7.297 MeV
P*
31
Employed reaction chamber
Experimental setup for PIGE
Si excitation function measurements
 Energy range: 1.5-2.6 MeV
 Charge: 40 µC
 Target: Al, Si, NaCl, Mg
 Scattering Angle: 135 degree
 Detector: HPGe
Si thick target γ-ray yield at different proton energies
Ep=2.0 MeV
Ep=2.5 MeV
Ep=1.5 MeV
γ-ray yield due to excitation levels of Si isotopes
at different proton energies
Eγ
(kev)
1014
Ep (MeV)
Y=N/40(Coun
Eγ
t/µc)
(keV)
Ep
(MeV)
Y
Eγ
(keV)
Ep
(MeV)
Y
1.5
0.18
1.5
0.00
1.5
0.05
1.6
0.30
1.6
0.00
1.6
0.05
1.7
0.35
1.7
0.00
1.7
0.08
1.8
0.35
1.8
0.50
1.8
0.15
1.9
0.39
1.9
0.50
1.9
0.15
2
0.55
2
0.63
2
0.20
2.1
0.58
2.1
1.10
2.1
0.20
2.2
0.64
2.2
1.43
2.2
0.20
2.3
0.65
2.3
3.03
2.3
0.68
2.4
0.68
2.4
5.20
2.4
0.75
2.5
0.69
2.5
12.65
2.5
0.78
1274
1779
γ-ray yield excitation functions due to natSi+p
reactions
γ-ray yield of a thick target bombarded by a proton
beam of energy E0 may be written as:
Y(E0) = εabs(Eγ) . Np . Fm . Fi . Nav . A-1 . ∫0E0σ(E) / ε( E) dE









εabs(Eγ) absolute efficiency of the detection system
Eγ emitted energy
Np number of incident protons
fm mass fraction (concentration)
A-1 inverse of the atomic mass of the element
fi abundance of isotope i
Nav Avogadro’s number
σ(E) nuclear reaction cross-section
ε( E) stopping cross-section of the sample in units of energy area
per mass.
Calculated excitation yields using published resonance
widths at different levels
Ep (MeV)
1.5
1.6
1.7
Ep (keV)
dE/dx
yield
326.80
369.900
370.700
371.000
415.80
698.40
724.000
724.200
731.00
917.00
1094.60
1175.40
1203.40
1213.10
1288.80
1297.70
1301.00
1302.00
1321.90
1330.70
1348.10
1380.200
1381.000
1389.70
1398.20
1470.00
1480.50
1482.00
1489.70
1505.00
1506.50
1509.70
1515.90
1595.10
1652.000
1660.20
1667.20
1669.000
1680.000
1686.00
1694.20
0.2678
0.2600
0.2600
0.2598
0.2520
0.2098
0.2064
0.2064
0.2055
0.1840
0.1667
0.1498
0.1575
0.1567
0.1509
0.1503
0.1500
0.1499
0.1485
0.1479
0.1466
0.1444
0.1444
0.1438
0.1432
0.1386
0.1380
0.1378
0.1374
0.1364
0.1364
0.1362
0.1358
0.1312
0.1282
0.1277
0.1274
0.1273
0.1267
0.1264
0.1260
0.2
4.1
2.7
1.8
0.7
0.9
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.3
1.1
0.1
0.2
0.9
0.7
1.5
1.6
0.2
0.1
63.0
16.0
2.5
3.1
0.6
3.4
2.3
1.4
4.4
0.1
2.5
0.6
0.3
5200.0
0.6
0.6
4.6
2.8
9.1
1.7
yield * Isotope concen.
0.010
3.781
2.490
1.660
0.033
0.040
0.148
0.397
0.021
0.023
0.005
0.009
0.034
0.002
0.007
0.028
0.022
0.070
0.050
0.007
0.002
58.105
14.757
0.078
0.096
0.026
0.105
0.071
0.043
0.205
0.002
0.078
0.019
0.009
4795.960
0.019
0.019
4.243
2.573
0.425
0.053
Ntotal = C×∫σ(E) × dx/dE
542.876
545.170
38012.864
Calculated Excitation Function of Si
×104
Other Si excitation functions
γ-ray yield of Al thick target at different proton energies
843 keV
27Al(p,pγ)27Al
1369 kev
27Al(p,αγ)24Mg
1779 keV
γ)28Si
27Al(p,
1016 keV
27Al(p,pγ)27Al
1460 kev
40K
Measured Al excitation function
Calculated γ-ray yield excitation function at
different energies
γ-ray yield of Na thick target at different
proton energies
Ep=2.0 MeV
Ep=1.5 MeV
440 keV
23Na(p,p'γ)23Na
1633 keV
23Na(p,αγ)20Ne
1369 keV
23Na(p, γ)24Mg
Ep=2.5 MeV
1635 keV
23Na(p,p'γ)23Na
Measured excitation function for Na
Calculated Na excitation function
γ-ray yield of Mg thick target at different proton
energies
Ep=1.5 MeV
585 keV
1014 keV
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
974 keV
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
390 kev
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
Ep=2.0 MeV
1369 keV
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
844 keV
25Mg(p,p'γ)25Mg
Ep=2.5 MeV
1460 keV
40K
Measured excitation function of Mg
Estimated excitation function of Mg
γ-ray spectrum of a typical sample
Thank you very much
for your attention