Land Degradation:
 Soils
 Water resources
 Forests
 Grass lands
 Crop lands (rainfed, irrigated)
 Biodiversity
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION :
 Deforestation
 Overgrazing
 Agricultural activities
 Exploitation of vegetation
 Industrial activities
 Geographical area of India 3287 lakh ha
 Net cultivated area : 1420 lakh ha
 Irrigated area
: 570 lakh ha
 Rainfed area
: 850 lakh ha
 Low productivity and low input usage are two
major issues confronting rainfed farming.
 Productivity per unit of land
 Productivity per unit of water are important for
optimum production.
The main agencies for estimation of land degradation are :
1. National Commission on Agriculture
2. Society for promotion of wasteland developments
3. National Remote Sensing Centre
4. Ministry of Agriculture
5. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use and
Planning(NBSS&LUP)
 NBSS&LUP ,Nagpur of ICAR (2005) has reported that
India
A.P
(lakh ha)
(lakh ha)
a. Water erosion
936.80
115.18
b. Wind erosion
94.80
-----
Water logging/flooding : 143.00
18.96
 Salinity/alkalinity
: 59.40
5.17
 Soil acidity
: 160.40
9.05
 Complex problems
: 73.80
1.56
 Geographical area
: 3287.00
275.05
 Degraded area(%)
:
44.66
54.5
Since inception upto 10th Five year plan
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
Sl.No PROGRAMME
AREA
(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
1
NWDPRA
(1990-91)
93.09
3025.56
2
RVP&FPR
(1962&81)
64.86
2244.24
3
WDPSCA(1974-75)
3.93
295.58
4
RADAS(1985-86)
7.11
121.74
5
WDF(1999-00)
0.59
26.02
6
EAPs
18.15
3967.35
187.73
9680.49
Total
Ministry of Rural Development
Sl.No
PROGRAMME
AREA
(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
1
DPAP(1973-74)
137.27
4842.50
2
DDP(1977-78)
78.73
1949.88
3
IWDP(1988-89)
99.56
2438.15
4
EAPs
5.0
292.67
320.56
9523.20
Total
Ministry of Environment & Forests
Sl.No
PROGRAMME
AREA
(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
1
NAEP(1989-90)
0.70
47.53
0.70
47.53
Total
XI PLAN PROPOSALS
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
Sl.N
o
PROGRAMME
1
NWDPRA
15.00
1500
2
RVP&FPR
12.50
1500
3
WDPSCA
2.00
240
4
RADAS
1.00
100
5
WDF
5.00
600
6
EAPs
5.00
750
7
RADP
30.00
3300
70.50
7990
Total
AREA
(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
Ministry of Rural Development
Sl.No
PROGRAMME
AREA
(Lakh ha)
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
1
DPAP
DDP
IWDP
240.00
15358
240.00
15358
2
IWDP/IWMP
3
Total
PLANNING COMMISSION
Sl.No PROGRAMME
1
AREA
(Lakh ha)
Hill Area & Westren 10
Ghat Development
Programme
AMOUNT
(Rs crores)
2500
What is watershed
Why Watershed Development
What is watershed Development
COMPONENTS OF WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
 Human Resource Development (Community Development)
 Soil and Land Management
 Water Management
 Crop Management
 Afforestation
 Pasture / Fodder Development
 Livestock Management
 Rural Energy Management
 Farm and Non-farm value addition activities
All these components are interdependent and interactive
Why People’s participation
Classification of watershed
•Hydrologic unit -
Size (in ha)
Region
> 300 lakh
-
•Basin
-
30-300 lakh
Catchment
-
10-30 lakh
Sub catchment -
2-10 lakh
Watershed
-
50,000-2, 00000
Sub-watershed 10,000-50,000
Milli -watershed 1,000-10,000
Micro watershed 100-1000
Mini watershed -
1-100
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
The watershed management implies
the judicious use of all the resources
i.e. land, water, vegetation in an area
for providing an answer to alleviate
drought,
moderate floods,
prevent soil erosion,
improve water availability
and increase food, fodder, fuel and fiber on sustained basis.
Watershed to achieve maximum production with minimum hazard to the
natural resources and for the well being of people.
The management should be carried out on the watershed basis.
The task of watershed management includes the treatment of land by using
most suitable biological and engineering measures in such a manner that, the
management work must be economic and socially acceptable
PRINCIPLES OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
The main principles of watershed management based on
resource conservation, resource generation and resource
utilization are:
• Utilizing the land based on its capability
• Protecting fertile top soil
• Minimizing silting up of tanks, reservoirs and lower fertile
lands
• Protecting vegetative cover throughout the year
• In situ conservation of rain water
• Safe diversion of gullies and construction of check dams for
in creasing ground water recharge
• In creasing cropping intensity through inter and sequence
cropping.
• Alternate land use systems for efficient use of marginal lands.
• Maximizing farm income through agricultural related
activities such as dairy, poultry, sheep, and goat forming.
• Improving infrastructural facilities for storage, transport and
agricultural marketing,
•Water harvesting for supplemental irrigation.
• Improving socio - economic status of farmers
OBJECTIVES OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
•The term watershed management is nearly synonymous
with soil and water conservation with the difference that
emphasis is on flood protection and sediment control
besides maximizing crop production.
•The basic objective of watershed management is thus is thus meeting
the problems of land and water use, not in terms of any one resource
but on the basis that all the resources are interdependent and must,
therefore, be considered together.
•Adequate water supply for domestic, agricultural and industrial
needs.
• Abatement of organic, inorganic and soil pollution,
• Efficient use of natural resources for improving agriculture
and allied occupation so as to improve socio-economic
conditions of the local residents, and
• Expansion of recreation facilities such as picnic and camping
sites.
•The watershed aims, ultimately, at improving standards of
living of common people in the basin by increasing their
earning capacity, by offering facilities such as electricity,
drinking water, irrigation water, freedom from fears of
floods, droughts etc.
•The overall objectives of watershed development
programmers may be outlined as:
•Recognition of watersheds as a unit for development and
efficient use of land according their land capabilities for
production,
•Flood control through small multipurpose reservoirs and
other water storage structures at the head water of streams
and in problem areas,
STREAM ORDER
ORDER
NO.OF SEGMENTS
BI-FURCATION RATIO
1
10
2
3
3.3
3
1
3.0
Drainage density is a measure of the length of stream channel per unit area
of drainage basin. Mathematically it is expressed as:
Drainage Density (Dd) = Stream Length / Basin Area
The measurement of drainage density provides a hydrologist or
geomorphologist with a useful numerical measure of landscape dissection
and runoff potential. On a highly permeable landscape, with small potential
for runoff, drainage densities are sometimes less than 1 kilometer per square
kilometer. On highly dissected surfaces densities of over 500 kilometers per
square kilometer are often reported. Closer investigations of the processes
responsible for drainage density variation have discovered that a number of
factors collectively influence stream density. These factors include climate,
topography, soil infiltration capacity, vegetation, and geology.
SPLASH EROSION
SHEET EROSION
GULLY EROSION
1. DROUGHT PRONE AREA PROGRAMME (DPAP):
Objective of the scheme: This is a centrally sponsored scheme funded
by Centre and State on the ratio 50:50 basis up to IV batch i.e., 1998-99
and 75:25 basis from Vth batch i.e., 1999-2000 onwards.
The period and cost of the project per each watershed was four years
and Rs. 20.00 lakhs up to IV th batch.
It is five years and Rs. 30.00 lakhs from V th batch onwards. It is aimed
to develop the drought prone area with an objective of drought proofing
by taking up of insitu soil / land moisture conservation, water harvesting
structures, afforestation and Horticulture programmes on a
comprehensive micro watershed under ridge to valley concept basis. So
far 4242 number of watersheds have been taken up covering an area of
21.21 lakh hectares in 11 districts with 94 blocks. So far
1608 watersheds have been completed and treated an area of 8.04 lakh
ha.
Strategy of implementation:
Developing waste lands / degraded lands on watershed basis.
Overall economic development of resource poor.
For Mitigation of drought, Employment generation and Poverty
alleviation Scheme is being implemented by User groups, Self-help
groups, through watershed committees under supervision of PIAs.
Sharing Pattern (CSS): 50:50 up to IV th batch, 75:25 from Vth batch
onwards.
DESERT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (DDP)
Objective of the scheme: This is a centrally sponsored scheme
funded by Centre and State on the ratio 75:25 basis. It is aimed to
develop the drought prone area with an objective of drought proofing by
taking up of soil land moisture conservation,water harvesting structures,
afforestation and Horticulture programmes on a comprehensive micro
watershed under ridge to valley concept.
So far 1054 watersheds were taken up covering an area of 5.27 lakh
hectares in Anantapur district in all 16 blocks. So far 206 watersheds
have been completed , treated an area of 1.03 lakh ha.
Strategy of implementation:
Developing waste lands / degraded lands on watershed basis.
Overall economic development of resource poor.
For Mitigation of drought. Employment generation and poverty
alleviation.
The period and cost of the project for each Watershed was four years
and Rs.22.50 lakhs respectively up to V th batch. It is five years and
Rs. 30.00 lakhs from VI th batch on wards
INTEGRATED WASTE LAND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (IWDP)
Objective of the scheme: Rapid depletion of green cover and vast
stretches of marginal lands lying fallow, found to be causing enormous
ecological imbalance.
Productivity is also negligent on account of soil erosion and
marginalization of lands.
To arrest this, massive integrated wasteland development project was
under taken during 1991 with 100% central assistance. The programme
of dry land development in Andhra Pradesh. underwent a major change
from 1995-96 with the introduction of new watershed guidelines
prepared by Sri Ch.Hanumantha Rao. The Scheme is being
implemented in 19 districts in A.P. in non- DPAP blocks of DPAP
districts and in all non-DPAP districts, with 1638 (114 Projects)
Watersheds covering an area of 8.02 Lakh hect.
The objective of the projects is to enable “Government of AP for
checking of land degradation ,sustainable and increased productivity of
land based on watershed concept”.
INDIRA PRABHA (Comprehensive Land Development Project )
Objective of the scheme: The main objective of the scheme is to
provide an Integrated and Comprehensive Livelihood options centered
on Development of compact blocks of assigned lands owned by the
poor to ensure these lands become productive assets for
the poor.
Government have sanctioned 1725 projects blocks under RIDF-IX, X
and XIII Projects with financial outlay of Rs.599.00 crores in 22 districts
to develop 5.51 lakh acres of assigned land belonging to 3.67 lakh
families of SC,ST,BC and others. It is proposed to complete the project
in 3 years of administrative sanction.
WATERSHED PROGRAMMES IN A.P
NRM
(A) SMC Works (i) Earthen bunding (ii) Pebble bunding (iii) GC works
(iv) Sunken pits in gullies (v) CCT/Staggered trenches
(B) WH Works (i) Farm ponds (ii) Mini PTs (iii) Gabion structures
(iv)Percolation tanks (v) Check dams (vi) Diversion
drains (vii) Feeder channels (viii) Repairs to old tanks
and kuntas (ix) Desilting of tanks (x) Recharging
drinking water sources
(C) Plantation works (i) Block plantation (ii) Avenue plantation (iii)
Institutional and household planting (iv) Bund and
Boundary planting (v) Horticulture (vi) Pasture
Productivity Enhancement:
Adaptive trials and infrastructure –Revolving fund
Entreprise promotion :
Revolving fund