Norton Media Library
Evolution
1st Edition
by
Carl T. Bergstrom and Lee Alan Dugatkin
Norton Media Library
Chapter 4
Phylogeny and
Evolutionary History
Carl T. Bergstrom and Lee Alan Dugatkin
Evolution, 1st Edition
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Figure 4.1 An artist’s view of biodiversity
Evolution, 1st Edition
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Figure 4.2 Phylogenies at different scales
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Figure 4.3 Pedigrees
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Figure 4.4 Traits and trees
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Figure 4.5 Two equivalent ways of drawing a phylogeny
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Figure 4.6 Interior nodes represent common ancestors
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Figure 4.7 Rotating around any node leaves a phylogeny unchanged
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Figure 4.8 Rotating phylogenetic trees
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Figure 4.9 Polytomies represent uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships
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Figure 4.10 Clades and descent from common ancestor
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Figure 4.11 Monophyletic clades of mammals
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Figure 4.12 Phylogenetic tree of the vertebrates
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Figure 4.13 Unrooted tree of proteobacteria
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Figure 4.14 Rooted trees from unrooted trees
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Figure 4.15 Cladograms and phylograms
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Figure 4.16 A chronogram indicates the timing of evolutionary events
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Figure 4.17 The rate of evolution in short and longlived plants
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Figure 4.18 Different ways to depict phylogenetic relationships
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Figure 4.19 Spectral sensitivity of the human cone opsins
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Figure 4.20 Evolution of tetrapod visual opsins
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Figure 4.21 Homologous and analogous traits
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Figure 4.22 Convergent evolution for coloration
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Figure 4.23 Convergent evolution in body forms
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Figure 4.24 Derived traits
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Figure 4.25 An example of homoplasy
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Figure 4.26 Derived traits and symplesiomorphy
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Figure 4.27 Using outgroups to infer the ancestral state
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Figure 4.28 Case 1: The outgroups help resolve the polytomy
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Figure 4.29 Case 2: The outgroups do not help resolve the polytomy
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Figure 4.30 Synapomorphies at different levels
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Figure 4.31 Snake fangs and venom
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Figure 4.32 Phylogeny of advanced snakes (Caenophidia)
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Figure 4.33 Venomousness as a homologous trait between snakes and Gila monsters
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Figure 4.34 Deep homology has been seen in lipid droplets
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Figure 4.35 Phylogeny based on the FIT2 gene
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Figure 4.36 The nictitating membrane
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Figure 4.37 Vestigial limblessness in snakes
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Figure 4.38 Common ancestry predicts where we should find vestigial limbs
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Review Question 4.1
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Review Question 4.2
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Review Question 4.3
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Review Question 4.4
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Review Question 4.5
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Review Question 4.6
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Review Question 4.8
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Review Question 4.9
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Review Question 4.10
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Review Question 4.11
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