Nation's Cleanest Cities

 Particulate – a particle of solid or liquid matter
 Particulate Matter (PM) – A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in the air

 Dust
 Fume
 Smoke
 Smog
 Vapor
 Mist
 Fog
 Aerosol
 Fiber

 Coarse particulates – diameter 2.5 -10 µm
(PM
10
)
 Fine particles – 0.1 - 2.5 µm (PM
2.5
)
 Ultra fine particles – (.001 - .1 µm)
 Measurement: µm (micrometers)
 A unit of length equal to one thousandth (10 -3 ) of a millimeter or one millionth (10 -6 ) of a meter.

 Those emitted directly to the atmosphere

 Those formed by reactions involving other pollutants

PM
10
What they are
Smoke, dirt, dust from factories, farming, and roads
Mold, spores, and pollen
How they’re made
Crushing and grinding rocks and soil
Then blown by wind
PM
2.5
- Toxic organic compounds
- Heavy metals
Driving automobiles
Burning plants
Smelting and processing metals

 Fine particles vs. coarse (larger) particles
 Which are more damaging?

 aggravated asthma
 increases in respiratory symptoms like coughing and difficult or painful breathing
 chronic bronchitis
 decreased lung function
 premature death

 Length of exposure
 Type and toxicity
 Concentration
 Size of particulates
 Activity level and breathing rate
 Age and overall health

 Allergies
 Asthmatics

Which particles do you think travel farther?
PM
2.5
PM
10

How far do you think PM
10 travel?
particles can
100 feet
25 miles
500 miles

How far do you think PM
2.5
travel?
particles can
100 feet
25 miles 500 miles

 Reaction of lung tissue to presence of accumulated dust
 Symptoms: shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing, difficulty in expectorating
 Two common forms of pneumoconiosis are asbestosis and silicosis

 Probably the oldest occupational disease
 Causative agent is crystalline silica
(respirable)
 Some forms of crystalline silica include quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite
 Symptoms – dyspnea, unproductive cough
 Exception: Acute silicosis
 Acceptable exposure

 Group of silicates derived from serpentine (crysotile) and amphibole
 Fibrous forms include:
 Chrysotile, amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, tremolite
 Toxicity theories
 Morphology
 Metal content
 Chemistry

 Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles, and insulation.
 Exposure common among shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other trades people.
 If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed.

 Definition: Fibrous scarring of the lungs caused by inhalation of fine airborne asbestos fibers
 Exposure to asbestos increases the risk of:
 Lung cancer
 Asbestosis – non-cancerous, chronic lung ailment
 Mesothelioma – cancer of the lung lining and stomach lining

 0.1 f/cc

 Talcosis
 Diatomaceous earth
 Coal workers pneumoconiosis
 Shaver’s disease
 Byssinosis

 DIETARY ESSENTIALS (Ca, Co, Cu, Cr,
Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, K, Se, Na, Zn)
 BASIC TOXICITY VARIES highly toxic: Co, Cu, Cr, P, Se carcinogenic: Cr, Co moderately toxic: Mn, Zn low toxicity: Ca, Fe, Mg, Mo, K, Na
 ==> Pb, Hg, Be, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, V, As, Zn

 Various forms of industrial interest
 Oxides
 Carbonates
 Sulfates
 Sulfide
 Chromate
 Silicates
 Fate in body
 Ingestion, skin, inhalation

 Toxic Effects
 Gastrointestinal effects (colic)
 Palsy
 Encephalopathy
 Diagnosis
 Work history
 Medical history
 “Lead line”
 Weakness in hands/wrist
 Blood or urine analysis
 Exposure Limit (OSHA): 50 ug/m 3

 Industries with Hg poisonings
 Mining, detonator manufacture, hatter’s trade (mad hatters), thermometers/ barometers, solder, dentist (amalgams), labs

 Acute toxicity
 Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms
 Lesions
 Chronic toxicity
 Inflammation of mouth
 Muscular tremors
 Psychic irritability

 Uses
 Used in alloys with Cu,
MG, Al, Ni, Fe
 Used in electronic industry
 Acute toxicity
 Symptoms of chemical pneumonia
 Chronic toxicity
 Chronic lung disease
 Also liver, kidneys

 Uses
 Used in alloys
 Electroplating of metals
 Batteries
 Pigment (yellow)
 Acute toxicity
 3-6 hrs- URT irritation, cough, chest pain, chills
 8-24 hrs -Dyspnea, cough, weakness
 4-7 days - death
 Chronic toxicity
 Cadmium line, pulmonary damage, anosmia, kidney damage, cancer potential

 Uses
 Electroplating (auto and electrical equipment)
 Alloying w/ Fe & Ni (stainless steels)
 “Hexavalent”
 Acute toxicity
 Irritation of respiratory system, sneezing, runny nose, sensitization
 Chronic toxicity
 Chrome ulceration
 Dermatitis
 Ulceration of nasal septum
 Increased cancer risk

 Uses
 Used in iron and steel industry
 Used some in chemical and battery industries
 Two forms of poisoning
 Pulmonary
 Nervous system
 1st phase: anorexia, vision, behavior changes, unsteady
 2nd phase: voice, facial, movement
 3rd phase: muscle rigidity, progressive

 Uses
 Stainless steel industry, electroplating, surgical and dental equipment, coinage
 ACUTE TOXICITY
 due to “carbonyl”
 can be fatal
 CHRONIC
 dermatitis, sensitizer
 chemical pneumonia
 lung cancer

 Uses
 Steel, crude oil
 Pentoxide
 Acute/chronic toxicities are similar
 Symptoms
 sore throat, lacrimation, cough, pneumonia, green colored tongue

 Uses
 Insecticides, wood preservative, glass manufacturing
 Acute toxicity
 irritation, swallowing difficulties, cyanosis and collapse
 Chronic toxicity
 G.I. complaints, loss of strength, ulcers, loss of hair, cancer

 Uses
 Galvanizing (tool, automotive, transportation industries)
 Zinc chloride
 Zinc chromate
 Zinc oxide
 most prolific cause of
“metal fume fever”
 similar to flu
 blue gum line “Burton line”
 usually short-lived
(Photos courtesy of J. Lewis)

 dietary essentials
 sensitizers
 carbonyls
 metal fume fever
 Burton lines
 mental effects
 carcinogens
 bad odors
 oddities