Publisher
The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
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Chapter 17
Footings,
Foundations,
and Concrete
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Frost Penetration Chart
• Average depth of frost penetration in inches.
(US Department of Commerce Weather Bureau)
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Footing Shapes
• Footings increase supporting capacity
of the foundation wall.
• Most houses require footings.
• Soil bearing capacity and weight of
house determine the size and type of
footing.
• Footings are generally poured concrete.
• Footing size is typically based on the
foundation wall thickness.
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Footing Shapes
• A footing expands load bearing area.
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Footing Shapes
• General proportions of a footing.
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Footing Specifications
• Footing thickness generally equals the
foundation wall thickness.
• Footing width is twice the wall thickness.
• Poor soil may require wider footings.
• Settling occurs during construction.
• Prevent uneven settling.
• Check code recommendations.
• Use steel reinforcing bars.
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Fireplace and Chimney Footings
• Fireplace and chimney footings are
more massive than regular house
footings.
– Should be reinforced with steel.
– 12 inches thick.
– Extend 6 inches beyond the perimeter of
the chimney.
– Cast integrally with house footing.
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Foundation Walls
• Extend from the first floor to the footing.
• May also be basement walls.
• Variety of materials may be used:
– Cast concrete, concrete block, pressuretreated wood, and stone or brick.
• Four basic types of foundation walls:
– T-foundation, slab foundation, pier and
post foundation, and wood foundation.
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Foundation Walls
• Foundation wall materials.
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Foundation Walls
• Foundation types.
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T-Foundations
• The T-foundation is the most common
type of residential foundation.
– Name is derived from the shape.
– Footing and foundation wall are usually
separate parts.
– Footings are usually cast in forms.
– Variety of applications of T-foundation.
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T-Foundation Application
• 8" basement wall and footing.
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Post (Column)
Foundation
• A pipe or adjustable
jack post is frequently
used to support a
beam. This is a
column or post
foundation.
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Post (Column) Foundation
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Pilasters
• Pilasters may be used to strengthen
basement walls.
• Built at the same time as the wall.
• Masonry wall pilasters are usually 8" x
16" in an 8" thick wall.
• Distance between pilasters should not
exceed 15' in an 8" wall and 18' in a 10"
wall.
• Pilasters are also used to support beams.
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Pilasters
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Firecuts
• A firecut is used when
floor joists are placed
directly into solid
masonry walls.
• Each joist end is cut at
an angle to prevent
wall damage in case
of fire.
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Water Removal Method
• Drain tile placement.
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Floor Slabs
• A concrete floor slab should be placed
on 4" to 6" of compacted sand.
• Slab thickness is 4" minimum.
• Slabs should not be bonded to footings
or columns.
• A 1" thick sand cushion may be used to
separate the slab from the footing.
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Floor Slab Section
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Chapter 14
The
Foundation
Plan
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The Foundation Plan
• The foundation plan is a plan view
drawing in section.
– Shows the location and size of footings,
piers, columns, foundation walls, and
supporting beams.
– Usually drawn after the floor plan and
elevations have been roughed out.
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Foundation Plan Features
• The following features are shown on a
foundation plan:
– Footings for walls, piers, and columns.
– Foundation walls.
– Piers and columns (posts).
– Dwarf walls.
– Partial walls, doors, and bath fixtures
(basement).
– Openings in foundation wall.
(continued)
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Foundation Plan Features
– Beams and pilasters.
– Direction, size, and spacing of floor joists
or trusses.
– Drains and sump (if required).
– Details of foundation and footing
construction.
– Complete dimensions and notes.
– Scale of drawing.
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Foundation Plan
Symbols
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Drawing a Foundation Plan
• Completed foundation plan.
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Chapter 13
The Floor
Plan
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Windows and Doors
• Use a centerline to locate the opening
for windows and doors in frame walls.
• Dimension to the side of the opening in
a masonry wall.
• Openings for windows are sash width.
• Openings for doors are actual width.
• Sills are drawn for windows and exterior
doors.
• Door swing should be indicated.
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Window and Door Location
• Windows and doors should be located
in a frame wall using a centerline. Door
swing is also shown.
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Stairs and Fireplaces
• Only information about the basic size
and location of stairs and fireplaces
needs to be recorded on the floor plan.
• For stairs, show direction of flight,
number of risers, and width of stairs.
• For a fireplace, show basic depth and
width, opening design, and location.
– Use either simplified or detailed symbol.
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Stairs on Floor Plan
• Information about a set of stairs that is
usually included on the floor plan.
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Room Names
• Room names help communicate the
plan to others.
• Room names should be 3/16" high.
• Room names should be in the center of
the room.
• Approximate room size should appear
below the name.
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Material Symbols
• Material symbols or material hatch
patterns are used to denote each
material.
• Use a material symbol whenever the
material should be identified.
• If the symbol is not a standard one,
identify it.
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Material Symbols
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Material Symbols
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Dimensioning
• Dimensions on a floor plan show size
and location of the features.
• Proper placement of dimensions
requires good judgment.
• Locate dimensions where one would
logically look for them.
• In architectural drafting, dimension lines
are continuous lines with the dimension
figure placed above the line.
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Dimensioning
• Dimension figures are always parallel to
the dimension line.
• Be consistent with the type of termination
symbol used for dimension lines.
• Move dimension lines out from drawing.
• Space dimension lines 1/4" or 3/8" apart.
• Make leaders no longer than 2".
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Dimensioning
• Dimensions are recorded in feet and
inches.
• Feet and inch marks may be omitted.
• Dimensions less than 1' are usually
indicated as 1/2", 2", 6", etc.
• Dimension interior frame walls to the
center of the wall.
• Dimension exterior frame walls to the
outside of the stud wall.
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Dimensioning
• Recommended method of dimensioning
frame wall construction.
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Dimensioning
• Solid masonry walls (cast concrete,
block, brick, or stone) are usually
dimensioned as shown.
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Dimensioning
• Brick veneer walls are dimensioned to
the outside of the stud wall.
• Solid masonry walls are dimensioned to
the outside of the wall.
• Overall dimensions are needed to
provide the total length and width of the
structure or major parts of the structure.
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Dimensioning
• Add up partial dimensions to be sure
they equal the overall dimensions.
• Notes are often necessary to present
information that cannot be represented
by dimensions or symbols.
• Notes should be read from the bottom
of the sheet.
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Scale and Sheet Identification
• Residential floor plans are usually
drawn at 1/4" = 1'-0".
• C-size paper is generally large enough.
• Number the sheets in the package.
– Sheet 1 of 6, 2 of 6, etc., works well.
– Sheet numbers should be placed in the
lower right-hand corner.
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