Unit-4
1401
AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS AND
OBSTACLE RESTRICTION
1
Syllabus
1. Aerodrome data - Basic terminology –
Aerodrome reference code – Aerodrome
reference point – Aerodrome elevation –
Aerodrome reference temperature
2. Instrument runway, physical
Characteristics; length of primary /
secondary runway – Width of runways –
Minimum distance between parallel
runways etc. – obstacles restriction.
2
Key Topics
1.
2.
3.
4.
Design of an Aerodrome
Classification of Aerodromes in India
Types of Runway
Design of Length of Runway
3
O Hare Airport
4
Types of Aerodromes in India
• International Aerodrome-13
• Domestic aerodrome-68 domestic
terminals
• Military Aerodrome-Pathankot
• Custom Aerodrome-Madurai
5
6
Chennai Aerodrome parameter
•
•
•
•
Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m
Bearing=12*59’N 80*E
Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt
Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete
7
Chennai Terminal
8
9
Aerodrome Data
Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome
Chart
10
Chennai Airport
11
Aerodrome Data
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Contain Aerodrome Chart
Aerodrome location giving-name, lat and long, airport
elevation physical location, distance & bearings-34 ft
AMSL; 12*59’37” N, 01*08’37”E
Aerdrome Administration-name, number, fax of the
operator -AAI
Movement Areas like Runways, Taxiways, Aprons
Visual Aids-marking and lighting system for
airports,Visual Approach Slope Indicator and
Navigational Aids
Ground Services like Fuel, communication from
Ground to Pilot
12
Typical Example
1. Name of Aerodrome-Chennai or Delhi etc &
National Airport or International as NAT/INT
2. Runway Number from 01 to 36 & No. of
Runways as 1 or 2 and their designation and
length as 07/25; 3.658mile
3. Elevation of Runway
4. Type of Traffic ( IFR/VFR)
5. Location of Wind Sox (illuminated and non
illuminated)
6. Location of Aerodrome Ref point, Control
Tower, Terminal Building, Fire Station, Nav.
13
AERODROME CHART
1. Layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s);
b) type of the runway surfaces;
c) designations and length of runways; RWY NR-18;
2286M
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
d) designations of the taxiways
e) location of illuminated and non- illuminated wind
direction indicators;
Location of the aerodrome reference point
Location of terminal buildings
Location of control tower
Location of fire station
Location of navigation aids
Location of isolation bay
Location of helipads
14
15
Aerodrome-runway and Taxiaway
16
Runway Details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Designation: RWY NR-18
Bearing:184*20’ GEO and 184*15’
Runway Size :2286 x 45 m
Width :< 30m, usually 45m, based on the wingspace of
aircraft
Separation between Parallel Runway <1300m
Slope of Runway < 5%
Permissible Cross Wind = 20 Knots
Runway Surface : Loss Free and Friction Free
Material
:
Partly Asphalt and partly
concrete
17
ARP-Aerodrome Ref Point
• ARP defined as geometrical
centre of runway, and height
decided by the AAI & PointARP-the magnetic variation
given to the nearest degree from
magnetic north of the runway Indicated as ARPlat and ARPlong
18
Chennai ARP
19
ARP-Chennai
L
•
•
•
•
Elevation
Latitude
Longitude
Land Area
1
a
t
i
t
u
d
e
2
5
9
3
7
N
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
e
8
0
1
0
3
7
E
a
n
d
A
r
e
a
4
0
0
A
c
r
e
s
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
4
f
t
.
A
M
S
L
34 ft AMSL
125937 N
010837E
1400 Acres
L
L
E
0
1
3
20
RUNWAY
TORA & TODA,Characterestics, types and
secondary runway – Width of runways –
Minimum distance between parallel runways
etc. – obstacles restriction
21
TORA & TODA
• Take off Run-TORA =Length of runway
declared available and distance traversed
on ground run of an airplane taking off =
1.15 x Midpoint length of runway)
• Take off Distance-TODA-length of the
takeoff run available plus the length of
Clear way; TODA=TORA + Clearway or
1.5 Tora
22
TAKE OFF DISTANCE-TODA
23
TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE-TORA
24
Runway Length
• Depends on the type of aircraft and speed
of landing( Airbus require 3.5Km)
• 1800m for weights< 90,000Kg for smaller
aircrafts
• ,2400m For Widebodies aircrafts
• 4000m for International flights
25
Runway Visual Range-RVR
• Is an instrumentally derived value that
representing the horizontal distance a
pilot can see down the runway, determined
by visibility sensors
• RVR measured in increments of 100 feet
up to 1,000 feet, increments of 200 feet
from 1,000 feet to 3,000 feet, and
increments of 500 feet above 3,000 feet to
6,000 feet.
26
RVR to Pilot
27
RVR
28
Types
1. Single Runway-Simplest Runway used when
winds blow on the Runway and suitable when
peak HR traffic is <50 operations; Both ends
can be used when the winds are light for
landing and departure.
2. Parallel Runway-when winds blow on the
runway and peak hr.traffic >50 operations and
landing and departure on two runways
3. Intersecting Runway-when wind blow in one
direction is > the other, intersecting runway
being used.
4. Open V & Closed V runway
29
Typical Runways
30
Single and Parallel Runways
Single Runway
Layout
Equal Dep & ARR
Terminal Building
Parallel Runway
L/TO
L/TO
31
Open V Runway & Intersecting
Runway
32
VFR,IFR Runway
( Precision and Non precision)
1. Visual Runway
2. Instrument Runway
a.Precision Runway-marked at edge with
white painting-guidance both for vertical
and horizontal
b.Non Precision Instrument ( no vertical
guidance, only horizontal guidance)
33
34
Instrument Runway
35
Instrument runway-Features
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Marking and lighting systems for runways;
b) approach lighting system;
c) visual approach slope indicator system;
d) aerodrome beacon;
e) marking and lighting systems for taxiways;
and
6. f) any other marking and lighting systems.
36
Parallel Runway-9R-9L
N
0
270
90
180
37
Parallel Runway
38
Landing
39
Parallel Runways
40
Components of a Traffic Pattern
Single Runway
41
Designated positions in Parallel
runway
4
42
Designated positions in the runway
• Position 1. Aircraft initiates call to taxi for
departing flight. Runway from Apron
• Position 2. Departing aircraft held at
position 2. Engine run-up be performed
here.
• Position 3. Take-off clearance issued
• Position 4. Clearance to land is issued
• Position 5. Clearance to taxi to apron
• Position 6. Parking information issued
43
Actual Traffic Pattern in Parallel
Runways
44
Parallel Runways <4300’
• Parallel Runways <4300’, Aircraft still
required to be 2.5 NM apart on the same
localizer,
• but close as 1.5 NM apart diagonally
between the localizers
45
Parallel Runways <4300’
46
Minimum distance between parallel
runways
• Safe if the runway spacing
is greater than 1270m
Unsafe if the spacing is
lower than 930 m.
47
Parallel Runway Approaches (4)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Close Parallel
Independent parallel approaches
Independent Close Parallel
Independent Close Parallel with Cross
Wind Close parallel.
48
Parallel Runway Approaches (4)
49
Width of runways
• Runway Width =45 Meters based on
Airworthiness requirements for AB 380
50
Typical Runway
51
Specification of Taxiway
• Width
• Surface
• Strength
52
Information to Pilot for Take off
53
Information
•
•
•
•
Runway Number
Wind Direction and Speed
QNH altimeter setting
the air temperature for the runway to be
used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft;
• RVR Values of the Runway
• Correct Time
54
Information to be provided for the
Aircraft when on Approach
• Runway Number
• Surface Wind Direction and Speed
• QNH altimeter setting
55
Obstacle Restriction
• Runway designation:APCH-18 & TKOF-36
• Obstacle type Trees and their bearing for
different types of trees from 17m to 21 and
their coordinates:
• Mobile Tower and their bearing
• Pole and its bearing
56
Runway Markings
57
Runway Factors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Airport elevation above MSL
Mean maximum temperature
Wind velocity
Aircraft operating weights
Takeoff and landing flap settings
Effective runway gradient
Runway surface conditions (dry, wet,
contaminated, etc.)
8. Presence of obstructions within the vicinity of
the approach and departure path, and
58
Runway Markings
59
Instrument Runway markings
60
Runway Markings
1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m
white stripes
4.LandingAiming Point Marking
30 x 4 m W stripe
Centre line
Marking
29L
50-75m
X 0.9 m
150m
3. Touch down
Zone marking
300m
Figure not to scale
61
Runway Markings
1. Threshold: marked by a line of green lights-Four
stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the
runway
2. Magnetic Runway Heading-29- number, to the nearest
one-tenth of Magnetic North
3. Touch Down Zone Markers:Meant to help define the
touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500
foot increments
4. Landing aiming point a visual cue, it is generally 1,000
feet from the threshold
5. Distance to go Markers:number denotes the distance
remaining, in thousands of feet.
6. Runway Designator Sign:the departure end of runway
9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to
your right.
62
Typical Runway
63
64
Meaning of Signals in the event of
Communication Failure
• Flashing Green-Permission to move to
Taxi area
• Steady Red-Stop
• Flashing Red-Move off the Landing Area
to taxi area
• Flashing White-Vacate manoeuvring area
in accordance with local instructions
65
Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude-MSA
• MSA published for emergency use on IAP charts.
• For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is
normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility
• NAVAID used to determine the MSA altitudes.
• For RNAV approaches, MSA is based on the runway
waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the
airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches.
• For GPS approaches, the MSA center will be the missed
approach waypoint (MAWP).
• MSAsexpressed in feet above mean sea level and
normally have a 25 NM radius;
66
ORDER OF PRIORITY FOR
ARRIVING AND DEPARTING
AIRCRAFT
• Landing ( Final stage of Approach) has
Priority against Take off
• An aircraft landing or in the final stages of
an approach to land have priority over an
aircraft intending to depart from the same
or an intersecting runway
67
Airport Design
68
Airport Design Areas
1. Evaluation of landing surface, instrument
runway and aids.
2. Runway Safety Area program
3. Airport Lighting
4. Terminal Facilities
5. Beacons
6. Papi/Vasi
7. Windcone
69
Design factors
1. Airport Traffic is a volatile traffic-Assumption
2. Airport Master Plan & master plan study for
airport layout, feasibility plan
3. Specific Devlopment Plan for immediate
Future
4. Construction Plan for Runway, Taxiway, Gates
and modification of existing terminal
5. Details of the project plan for architectural and
engineering designs
6. Assessment of the plan in every phase
7. Determining the cost and financial planning
70
Factors for Improving an Existing
Airport
1. Airport building should have architectural qualitty and Operational Success.
2. should have to designed on the bassis of Structural and Passenger
loads/year
3. As a Rule of Thumb, Twice the size of a building should be considered
based on annual traffic load including luggage.
4. AirpConcept of Passenger Building as a Terminal as passengers use
airports as a transfer hub.
5. Connecting the passenger facilities to the Apron and Aircraft either by a
Underground train or Overhead train like in London (Gatwick) or in Atlanta
(Heartfield)
6. Renovating the terminal in the shape of X as in Hongkong
7. Introducing Gate Arrival Concept for commuter traffic
8. Means to minimise luggage transfer and passenger using airport as a
transit
9. Minimise the distance to passenger for transit movement
10. Multistorey Car Park
71
Various Airports in World
72
Doha Airport-Architectural design
73
Islamabad Airport( Gate concept)
74
Passenger Flexibility
75