Achieving Sanitation MDG in
Uttar Pradesh
Presented at
National Seminar on Decentralized
Governance in Water & Sanitation in
Rural India
June 28th, 2012
Uttar Pradesh – A Profile
• Area 243,290 sq km with population 210 m
• Contributes nearly 8% of India’s GDP
• Only 5 countries in the world have more
population than Uttar Pradesh
• One out of every five open defecator in India
lives in Uttar Pradesh
State Level Disaggregation of Number of Open Defecators
Kerala
1
Himachal Pradesh
4
Punjab
11
Haryana
11
27
Gujarat
Karnataka
31
Orissa
32
Tamil Nadu
39
West Bengal
39
44
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
49
Madhya Pradesh
50
Maharashtra
54
Bihar
71
125
Uttar Pradesh
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Millions
Sanitation Trends
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– Second level
– Third level
• Fourth level
– Fifth level
Only 6.9% increase in improved sanitation from 1990 to 2006 (16 years)
Sanitation Trends in Rural UP
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– Second level
– Third level
• Fourth level
– Fifth level
Increased nearly 3 times in last 15 years but grossly inadequate
MDG target for Uttar Pradesh
• Projected population of UP in 2015
• MDG Target (56.5%)
220 million
124.5 million
• MDG achievable at current rate (24%)53 million
• Unimproved toilet users
33 millon
• Open defecators in 2015
135 million
• MDG target shortfall
71.5 million
Four Districts Contribute 11% of
Open Defecators
District
Projected Population of Open
Defecators (2007)
• Allahabad
4,084,668
• Azamgarh
3,741,821
• Jaunpur
3,651,550
• Sitapur
3,429,279
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– Second level
– Third level
• Fourth level
– Fifth level
Open Defecators
 Second Outline
(2007)
18 districts contribute Level
37% of open
Ballia
 Third Outline
defecation
2,625,415
Level
Name of District
Etah
2,574,837
 Fourth
Outline
Projected
Level
Population of
Deoria
 Fifth
Open Defecators
2,561,347
Outline
(2007)
Budaun
Level
Gorakhpur
2,561,243
 Sixth
3,217,968
Outline
Barabanki
2,522,946
Level
Hardoi
Unnao
3,194,743
• Seventh Outline
2,472,429
LevelClick
to edit
Sultanpur
3,097,598
Master text styles
impacting Toilet Use
ave access to toilet facility (%)“
Independent Variables
Percent literate Female
Population (Age 7+)
Model 1
0.85
(0.21)***
Model 2
Model 3
0.48
(0.17)***
Model 4
0.42
(0.16)***
Model 5
0.25
(0.18)*
-0.85
(0.11)***
- 0.74
(0.11)***
-0.63
(0.14)***
-0.13
(0.04)***
-0.12
(0.04)***
0.64
(0.29)**
Percent literate male
Population (Age 7+)
Households have BPL
Card (%)
Dist cumulative TSC
expenditure per capita
0.50
(0.18)***
Households use piped
drinking water (%)
-22.32
25.30
27.94
29.86
R square 0.19
0.08
0.56
0.61
0.65
Adjusted R square 0.18
0.07
0.54
0.59
70
70
70
Constant
-17.68
N 70
** significant at 1% level; ** significant at 5% level ; * significant at 10% level
70
Remarks
0
20
40
60
80
Access to Sanitation vs Female Literacy
30
40
50
60
Percent literate Female Population (Age 7+)
households have access to toilet facility (%)
70
Fitted values
one percent increase in female literacy in a district is found associated with 0.25% to
0
20
40
60
80
Access to Toilet Facility vs Water Supply
0
10
20
30
40
households use piped drinking water (%)
households have access to toilet facility (%)
50
Fitted values
One percent increase in household piped drinking water in a district is associated with
0
20
40
60
80
Access to Toilet Facility vs Poverty
0
20
40
households have BPL Card (%)
households have access to toilet facility (%)
60
Fitted values
an increase of BPL card holders by 1% in a district results in a decrease of toilet use behavior by
Medical Expenses by Income
Quintile
Income
Quintile
Lowst
Quntile
2nd
Lowest
Middle
2nd
Highest
Highest
Average
Monthly
Income
Rs 873
Rs 2,186
Rs 3789
Rs 6074
Rs 38,143
medical
expenses
on
diarrhoea,
cough,
fever
Rs 90.98
Rs 192.36
Rs 290.63
Rs 507.92
Rs 1071.51
(10.4%)
(8.8%)
(7.7%)
(8.4%)
(2.8%)
Net Social Benefits of Total
Sanitation
• Reduction of deaths of children below 5 years
by 90,000 to 100,000 per annum
• Averted loss of wages on account of sickness
• Averted cost of medicines for treating sickness
Net Social Benefits of Total Sanitation in Uttar
Pradesh is Rs 10,244 crores (NPV, at 10%
discount rate), which is equal to 4% of State
Conclusions
• Focus on districts with higher concentration of
Open Defecators (4 plus 18)
• Give priority to those districts which have
higher female literacy because of higher
chance of success
• Give priority to districts with better water
supply systems because of higher chance of
success
• Scope for developing innovative health
THANK YOU