CGE Training Materials
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Agriculture Sector
Version 2, April 2012
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Target Audience and Objective from Training Materials
•
These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level
knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development.
•
After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the
reader should:
a) Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the agriculture
sector;
b) Have a general understanding of the UNFCCC and IPCC guidelines;
c) Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best;
d) Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed.
•
These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis of
methodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to
refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular
issue.
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
2
Acronyms
AD
AFI
AI, NAI Parties
AWMS
AMMS
Bo
C, NA, NE, NO, IE
CS
EF
EFDB
GE
GHG
IPCC
MCF
NIR
NK
QA/QC
SC
VS
Activity Data
Annual Feed Intake
Annex I, non-Annex I Parties
Animal Waste Management System
Animal Manure Management System
Methane producing potential
Confidential, Not Applicable, Not Estimated, Not Occurring,
Included Elsewhere
Country-specific
Emission Factor
IPCC Emission Factor Data Base
Gross Energy
Greenhouse Gas(es)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Methane Conversion Factor
National Inventory Report
Notation keys
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Scaling factors
Volatile Solids
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
3
Outline of course – Agriculture Sector
•
Glossary (slide 3)
•
Supporting materials (slide 4)
•
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 5)
•
IPCC good practice guidance (slide 18)
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
4
1.4
Supporting Materials
•
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.html
•
IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG
Inventories (2000) http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/
•
IPCC Emission factor database (EFDB) http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php
•
UNFCCC software http://unfccc.int/resource/cd_roms/na1/ghg_inventories/index.htm
•
Colorado State University ALU software
http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ALUsoftware/
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
5
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories: Agriculture
•
Scope: anthropogenic emissions from agricultural sources occurring within the national
territories:
•
•
•
•
Only non-CO2 gas emissions (CH4, N2O)
CO2 emissions occur but in an annual balance with removals from the atmosphere
(photosynthesis)
No method provided to estimate GHG sequestration
Data Quality and Time Frame: relatively poor quality data (compared with energy
sector), high annual fluctuation; thus, it is advisable to use three-year average annual
figures (NB: use of a three-year average is not suggested in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines).
•
Default Method: provision of default methodologies, assumptions, emission factors and
data (tier 1) but national assumptions, data and emission factors must be preferred.
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories
•
Enteric Fermentation (4A):
•
CH4 emissions from domesticated animals (ruminants and non-ruminants)
•
Data organized by animal species (subcategories)
•
Tier 1:
Emissioncategory = Sum (N° of animalssubcategory i * EFsubcategory i)
•
Tier 2 (Mature Dairy Cattle, Mature Non-dairy Cattle, Young Cattle): requires
an enhanced livestock characterization:
•
species disaggregated into groups of homogeneous animals
•
estimates for AFI (used to estimate EFs for enteric fermentation and
manure management).
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Manure Management (4B):
•
CH4 and N2O emissions from piled manure
•
Tier 1:
•
Emissioncategory = Sum (N° of animalssubcategory i * EFsubcategory i)
•
Tier 2 : requires an enhanced livestock characterization
•
Data organized by animal species and animal manure management systems (AMMS)
•
CH4:
•
•
Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region and
default EFs
Tier 2 estimates group-specific EFs based on manure characteristics (VS, Bo,
MCF) (only for cattle, swine).
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Manure Management (4B):
•
N2O:
•
Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region
and AMMS, and default EFs
•
Tier 2, not provided
•
Tier 3: country-specific approach.
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Rice Cultivation (4C):
•
CH4 emissions from flooded fields
•
Reason: anaerobic decomposition of organic materials
•
Only one method (Tier 1)
•
AD: harvested area per:
•
rice ecosystem
•
water management
•
organic amendments
•
Other.
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Rice Cultivation (4C):
•
•
Basic EF: permanent flooding, no organic amendments
Scaling factor to account for cropping practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem
type, water regime, organic amendments, soil type
•
CH4 emitted = Harvested area * basic EF * scaling factors
•
N2O emissions from paddy soils, reported under 4D.
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Agricultural Soils (4D):
•
Tier 1 method for N2O emissions only
•
No method for CH4
•
Tier 3: country-specific approach
•
•
No method for CH4 emissions/removals, N2O removals or soil carbon
capture.
Three types of emissions:
•
Direct
•
Indirect
•
Animal production (also, considered to be direct).
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Agricultural Soils (4D):
•
Direct N2O emissions:
•
•
•
•
AD (N applied as fertilizers/manure/crop residues/composts, N fixed by
leguminous crops, cultivated histosols)
EFs (EF1 for N inputs and EF2 for organic soil cultivation).
Indirect N2O emissions:
•
Due to N volatilization and deposition
•
Due to N leaching and run-off
•
Due to direct sewage discharge to rivers/estuaries/lakes/channels.
Animal production direct N2O emissions: from faeces, urine and dung deposited
onto the soils (mainly from grazing animals).
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Prescribed burning of savannas (4E):
•
N2O, CH4 and some precursors (CO, NOx, NMVOC) emissions from savanna fires
•
Tropical and subtropical regions holding long dry season
•
Tier 1, provided
•
Some default ADs, provided but national/regional values must be preferred
•
Number of ADp, estimated by expert judgement
•
EFs for the different gases, provided.
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Field burning of crop residues (4F):
•
N2O, CH4 and precursors (CO, NOx, NMVOC) emissions
•
Tier 1 (Tier 1b), similar to savanna burning:
•
Emission (CO2e)= Area burned * Biomass * Kc-biomass * Oxid Factor *
(EFC-CH4 * CFC-CH4 * GPWCH4 + N/C * EFN-N2O * CFN-N2O * GPWN2O)
•
•
Number of ADp, to be estimated (bold)
Other crop residue uses (off-site energy uses, soil application, animal forage,
others), excluded.
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.)
•
Field burning of crop residues (4F):
•
Subcategories:
•
Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize)
•
Pulses (peas, lentils, beans, fabas)
•
Tubers and roots (potatoes, beets)
•
Sugar cane
•
Other crops (fruit trees, hort, crops, others)
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
16
GHGs to be Reported in Agriculture Sector
GHG
PRECURSORS
SECTOR/Source category
CO2
CH4
N2O
ENTERIC FERMENTATION
X
MANURE MANAGEMENT
X
X
X1
X
X
X
AGRICULTURAL SOILS
CO
NOX
NMVOC
SO2
X
X
X
X2
X
X
X
X2
AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE
BURNING
PRESCRIBED BURNING OF
X
X
SAVANNAS
RICE CULTIVATION
X
1
No method available
considered though occurring
2 Not
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Summary Table: Recommended Methods
•
Enteric fermentation
T1
T2 (cattle, buffalo sheep)
•
Manure management – CH4
T1
T2 (cattle, swine)
•
Manure management – N2O
T1
•
Rice cultivation
T1
•
Agricultural soils
T1
•
Savanna burning
T1
•
Crop residue burning
T1
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
18
IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National
GHG Inventories (2000)
•
Structure:
•
Chapter 1, Introduction
•
Chapter 2, Energy Sector
•
Chapter 3, Industrial Processes Sector
•
Chapter 4, Agriculture Sector
•
Chapter 5, Waste Sector
•
Chapter 6, Uncertainty
•
Chapter 7, Methodology
•
Chapter 8, QA/QC
Plus annexes and other general information
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
19
Key Steps in the GHG Inventory Elaboration Process
•
Key category determination (general issue)
•
Subcategories – significance (animal species, anthropogenic N sources, crop
residues)
•
Single livestock characterization (basic for Tier 1 or enhanced for Tier 2)
•
Use of decision trees at category level to define the most appropriate method
level
•
Mass balance and data disaggregation for multiple use items: crop residues,
animal manures.
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
20
Step 1: Key Category Determination
•
First step when preparing a national GHG inventory.
•
From Annex I NIRs, it is already known that key categories from agriculture
are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Enteric fermentation (CH4)
Agricultural soils (direct N2O)
Agricultural soils (indirect N2O)
Manure management (CH4)
Manure management (N2O)
Rice cultivation, crop residues
and savanna burning
97%
94%
60%
40%
38%
<10%
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Step 1: Key Category Determination (cont.)
•
If no previous information, inventory compilers should assume that:
•
•
•
Enteric fermentation and agricultural soils (direct and indirect N2O emissions) are
mostly likely to be key categories
Thus devoting the best efforts to them.
Also, the NAI inventory team must consider that:
•
•
•
Savanna burning must be key category for tropical/subtropical parties holding a long
dry season (Brazil, Colombia, …)
Rice production must be key category for Asian countries (China, Indonesia,
Malaysia, etc.)
Crop residue burning should never be a key category.
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
22
Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories
•
Second step when preparing a national GHG inventory
•
Categories with multiple subcategories:
•
•
Related to livestock (enteric fermentation, manure management, agricultural
soils)
•
Related to anthropogenic N (agricultural soils)
•
Related to crop residues burning.
More efficient and less expensive inventory elaboration.
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
23
Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories
Steps to Follow
•
Estimation of animal species population
•
If no national data are available, enter data from FAOSTAT
http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
•
Disaggregation between dairy and non-dairy cattle, following expert judgment
•
Filling in of Table 4-1s1 of UNFCCC software spreadsheet with population data and
default EFs
•
Estimation of individual contribution to the total category emissions.
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
24
Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories
Example
MODULE
SUBMODULE
AGRICULTURE
METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK
ENTERIC FERMENTATION AND MANURE MANAGEMENT
WORKSHEET
SHEET
4-1
1 OF 2 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK ENTERIC
FERMENTATION AND MANURE MANAGEMENT
STEP 1
A
Livestock Type
Number of
Animals
(1000s)
STEP 2
B
C
Emissions
Factor for
Enteric
Fermentation
(kg/head/yr)
D
Emissions
from Enteric
Fermentation
(t/yr)
Emissions
Factor for
Manure
Management
550
81
44.550
Non-dairy Cattle
2750
49
134.750
0
55
0
Buffalo
Sheep
2500
5
Goats
500
5
Camels
125
46
Horses
75
18
Mules & Asses
25
10
Swine
5030
1
Poultry
15000
NE
Totals
22%
19
65% SIGN. 13
12.500 6%
2.500<3%
5.750<3%
1.350<3%
250 <3%
5.030<3%
NE
E
Total Annual
Emissions
from
Domestic
Livestock
(t/yr)
(Gg)
E = (A x D)
F =(C + E)/1000
10.450
35.750
7
13%
55,00
43% SIGN.
170,50
0
0,16
400
0,17
85
1,9
237,5
1,6
120
0,9
22,5
7
35.210
0,018
270
206.680
F
Emissions from
Manure
Management
(kg/head/yr)
C = (A x B)
Dairy Cattle
STEP 3
82.545
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
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0,00
<1%
12,90
2,59
<1%
5,99
<1%
1,47
<1%
0,27
<1%
43% SIGN.
40,24
<1%
NE
288,96
25
Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories
Assessment
•
Some tips:
•
•
•
•
Always regard cattle as a significant subcategory for enteric fermentation
Consider swine as a significant subcategory for CH4 - manure management (if
population is relevant)
Produce an enhanced characterization for the significant animal species (only
described for cattle, buffalo, swine and sheep)
Always produce a single characterization of animal species, as follows:
•
Basic for non-significant species
•
Enhanced for the significant species.
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
26
Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories
Determination
•
In summary:
•
Quick assessment (Tier 1) of significance for:
•
Animal species for CH4 - Enteric Fermentation
•
Animal species for CH4 - Manure Management
•
Anthropogenic N inputs for agricultural soils.
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
27
Step 3: Single Livestock Characterization
•
Livestock data, needed for several categories:
•
•
Enteric fermentation, manure management, and agricultural soils.
Parties with important livestock activity should produce a single characterization
(enhanced/basic) of the animal species according to their contribution:
•
•
Enhanced for significant species; basic for non-significant species.
It is also good practice to:
•
•
Include all the animal species existing in the Party
Assess the contribution of each animal species to the total emissions of the
individual category (enteric fermentation and/or manure management).
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28
Step 4: Decision Tree at Category Level
Goats, horses,
mules/asses,
poultry, (sheep)
Cattle, buffalo,
swine, (sheep),
species without
tier/EF
Recommended for species with
enhanced charactererisation,
when key source
Required for species
with high individual
contribution, when key source
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Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization
•
For animal species with a significant contribution to the source emissions (25%
or more), it is good practice to apply:
•
Enhanced (detailed) characterization – country-specific method/Tier 2 –
nationally disaggregated emission factors…
…Provided there is no restriction of activity data.
•
For those non-significant animal species:
•
•
Basic characterization – tier 1 – default emission factors.
Recommendation: always produce an enhanced characterization for cattle and
swine; buffalo and sheep could be included, depending on national circumstances.
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.)
•
Basic characterization comprises:
•
List of animal species
•
Annual population data, by species
•
Average annual milk production of dairy cows
•
Percentage of animals per climate region existing in the Party.
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Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.)
•
Enhanced Characterization: in addition top basic data
•
•
•
•
Disaggregation of species population into homogeneous groups of animals (per
age/gender/animal performance)
Livestock population per species homogeneous groups
Feed intake estimates for a typical animal in each group (used in the tier 2 enteric
fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo and sheep)
Estimates should be used to harmonize the estimated manure and N excretion
rates for CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management and direct/indirect N2O
agricultural soil emissions
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Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.)
•
Enhanced Characterization
•
•
•
•
Animal performance, used to estimate gross energy (GE) intake: amount of
energy (MJ/day) an animal needs per day to perform activities (growth,
lactation and pregnancy)
It is good practice to estimate GE intake based on animal performance data
If no AD is available, a survey should be conducted to determine regional
livestock production patterns and regional animal distributions
If not enough resources, assumptions may be based upon the opinions of
experts
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Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.)

Characterization of animal species without emission estimation method:


Some countries may have domesticated animals for which IPCC has not reported
methods (llamas, alpacas, wapiti, emus, ostriches, deer, others).
The IPCC good practice guidance (2000) recommends that emission estimates
should be based on country-specific emission factors when the species is likely to
be a significant emission source.
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items
•
Items linked to more than one category:
•
In agriculture:
•
•
•
•
Livestock linked to “Enteric Fermentation”, “Manure Management” and
“Agricultural Soils”
Manure management linked to “Manure Management – N2O” and
“Agricultural Soils”
Crop residues linked to “Agricultural Soils” and “Field Burning of Agricultural
Residues”.
Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to avoid double counting of
emissions (manure and crop residues final uses).
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items (cont.)
•
Mass balance for crop residues (fractioning according to different end uses)
•
Mass balance for animal manure produced (direct grazing and confinement, confined
manure disaggregated by AWMS).
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example
Crop
residues
On-site
Eaten by grazing
animals
Applied
to soils
Burned
on-site
Off-site
Decomposed
on the field
Used as
fuel Used as energy
source (biogas)
Raw material for
building
materials
Feed
suplemental
for animals
Used as house
firewood
Other uses
Accounted under
4D. Agricultural Soils
Accounted under
4F. Burning of
crop residues
Accounted under
1. Energy
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items:
Example of Enhanced Characterization: Bovine – Enteric Fermentation
Parameter
Symbol
Cows
Steers
Weight (kg)
Weight gain (kg/day)
W
WG
420
0
380
0.2
210
0.2
Country-specific data
Country-specific data
Mature weight (kg)
MW
420
440
430
Country-specific data
Ca
0.33
0.33
0.33
IPCC good practice guidance, Table 4-5, and expert
judgment
-
60
-
-
Country-specific data
Feed digestibility (%)
DE
57
57
57
Country-specific data
Maintenance coefficient
Cfi
0.335
0.322
0.322 IPCC good practice guidance, Table 4-4
Net energy
maintenance (MJ/day)
NEm
31.1
27.7
17.8
Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance,
equation 4.1
Net energy activity
(MJ/day)
NEa
10.3
9.2
5.9
Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance,
equation 4.2a
Feeding situation
Females giving birth (%)
Young Comments
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items:
Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Enteric Fermentation (cont.)
Parameter
Symbol
Cows
Steers
C
-
1.0
0.9
Net energy growth (MJ/day)
NEg
-
3.4
2.4
Pregnancy coefficient
CP
0.1
-
-
NEP
3.1
-
-
NEma/DE
0.48
0.48
0.48
NEga/DE
0.26
0.26
0.26
GE
162.2
170.0
111.2
Growth coefficient
Net energy pregnancy
(MJ/day)
Portion of GE available
for maintenance
Portion of GE available for
growth
Gross energy intake
(MJ/day)
Young Comments
IPCC good practice guidance,
p.4.15
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation
4.3a
IPCC good practice guidance,
Table 4.7
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation 4.8
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation 4.9
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation
4.10
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation
4.11
To check estimates of GE, convert to kg/day of feed intake (by dividing GE by 18.45)
and divide by live weight. The result must be between 1% and 3% of live weight.
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Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items:
Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management
Parameter
Symbol
Cows
Steers
Young
Comments
GE
139.3
130.4
117.7
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance, equation
4.11 *
-
18.45
18.45
18.45
IPCC default value
-
7.55
7.07
6.38
Calculated
DE
60
60
60
Ash content of manure (%)
ASH
8
8
8
Volatile solid excretion (kg
dm/day)
VS
2.78
2.60
2.35
Maximum CH4 producing
capacity of manure (m3CH4/kg
VS)
Bo
0.10
0.10
0.10
Gross energy intake
(MJ/day) (from the enhanced
characterization)
Energy intensity of feed
(MJ/kg)
Feed intake
(kg dm/day)
Feed digestibility (%)
Table A-2, Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines, volume 3
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines,
volume 3, p. 4.23
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance equation 4.16
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines,
volume 3, , p.4.40
*GE is used for determining VS. If these data are not available, default VS
values are provided in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Table B-1, p. 4.40.
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3B.40
Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items:
Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management (cont.)
Parameter
Symbol
Cows
Steer
Young
Comments
Methane conversion
factor (%)
MCF
1.8
1.8
1.8
Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines, volume 3, Table 4-
Emission factor
(kg CH4/head/yr)
EF
1.22
1.14
1.03
8, p.4.25 (data for
pasture/range/paddock system,
weighted by climate region)
Calculated using IPCC good
practice guidance equation
4.17
Total emissions estimated here are lower than those using Tier 1 (8.2 Gg CH 4/yr).
Weighted EF derived from this table is 1.2 kg CH4/head/yr, and this value should be used
instead of the default (1.6 kg CH4/head/yr) in UNFCCC software.
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41
3B.41
Example: Enteric Fermentation
•
CH4 emissions:
•
The decision tree for estimating CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation
(IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.2) defines the route that must be
followed to produce accurate emission estimates
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CH4 emissions
from Enteric
Fermentation
Event impossible
Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 2
>
Box 1
Cattle, species
with
significant
individual
contribution to a
key source
For significant species
when not enough AD
Species with no
significant
contribution to
a key source
Buffalo,
Sheep, Goats,
Horses,
Mules/Asses,
Poultry
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Enteric Fermentation
•
If no domestic animal production, then the notation key “NO”
•
If the category occurs but is not a key category, the recommended general approach is:
basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF
•
•
However, it is recommended to use enhanced characterization and tier 2 for cattle,
provided the Party has the necessary data.
If the category occurs and is a key category, the recommended approach is:
enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EF
For the significant animal species (cattle and others)
basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF
For the non-significant animal species.
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Enteric Fermentation
•
Three methods for estimating CH4 emissions:
•
•
Tier 1, simplified approach, relies on default EFs drawn from previous studies
Tier 2, more accurate approach, requires detailed CS data on nutrient requirements,
feed intake and CH4 conversion rates for specific feed types, to develop CS EFs for
country-defined livestock categories:
•
•
CS EFs, derived from enhanced characterization. The IPCC good practice
guidance provides information to develop EFs for cattle and sheep (for buffalo,
approach described for cattle can be applied)
Tier 3, based on CS models and other approaches.
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Manure Management: CH4 Emissions
•
Single livestock characterization provides the data to support the estimates
•
Default or CS emission factors (based on manure characteristics, Bo, VS, MCF,
and manure management systems), depends on the species significance
•
Decision tree defines the route the Party should follow to produce accurate
estimates (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.3)
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Event impossible
CH4 emission
from Manure
Management
Accuracy of
estimates:
If key source and
high individual
contribution
Goats, horses,
mules/asses,
poultry, sheep
Cattle,
buffalo,
swine,
(sheep),
species
without
tier/EF
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Box 3
>
Box 4
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
47
Manure Management: CH4 Emissions

From the decision tree:


If no domestic animal production, then report as “NO”
If the domestic animal production occurs but the category is not key category,
emission estimates can be computed following the most basic approach:
basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF

If the activity occurs and the category is key category:

For the significant species (generally cattle, swine):
enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EFs

For the non-significant species (generally, sheep, goats, camels, horses,
asses, mules, poultry):
basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF
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Manure Management: CH4 Emissions

Tier 1 requires livestock population data per animal species and climate region (i.e.
cool, temperate, warm).

Tier 2 requires detailed information on animal characteristics and the manner the
manure is managed:


Volatile solid (VS) excretion rates; country-specific VS data are based on
estimated daily average feed intake, digestible energy of the feed, and ash
content of the manure

Maximum CH4 producing capacity of the manure (Bo), and

CH4 conversion factor (MCF).
Level depending on data availability and natural circumstances. Parties should
make their best efforts to apply Tier 2.
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Some Tips
•
•
For Enteric Fermentation:
•
Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle)
•
Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species.
For CH4 – Manure Management:
•
•
Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for swine and cattle (non-dairy and/or
cattle); exceptionally, sheep and poultry
Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species.
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Some Tips: Summary Table
ANIMAL SPECIES
CHARACTERIZATION
LEVEL
ENTERIC
FERMENTATION
MANURE
MANAGEMENT
methane
methane
SINGLE (ENHANCED)
T1 (T2)
T1 (T2)
ENHANCED
T2
T2
SHEEPS
BASIC (ENHANCED)
T1
T1 (T2)
GOATS
BASIC
T1
T1
HORSES
BASIC
T1
T1
MULES & ASSES
BASIC
T1
T1
ENHANCED
T1
T2
POULTRY
BASIC
T1
T1 (T2)
OTHERS
BASIC
T1
T1
DAIRY CATTLE
NON-dairy
CATTLE
SWINE
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Manure Management: N2O Emissions
•
To estimate emissions, the livestock data must come from the single livestock
characterization, to determine:
•
•
•
Annual average nitrogen (N) excretion rate per head (Nex) for each animal
species/category (T)
Fraction of the total annual excretion for each livestock species/category that is
managed with each manure management system type (MMS)
N2O emission factors for each MMS type.
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N2O
emission
from Manure
Management
Event impossible
Accuracy of
estimates:
If K category
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Box 3
>
Box 4
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
53
Manure Management: N2O Emissions
•
The activity data required in addition to those necessary for the livestock
characterization are:
•
•
Annual average N excretion per head/category/species
Fraction of total annual excretion for each livestock species/category that is
managed in a MMS.
•
If no available data on the distribution of MMSs, the Party should conduct a survey.
•
If that is not possible, values can be derived from expert opinions.
•
Parties are also encouraged to disaggregate the activity data for each major climatic
zone.
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Prescribed Burning of Savannas
•
IPCC good practice guidance describes Tier 1 method to estimate non-CO2 gas
emissions from savanna burning. Default activity data and emission factors are
available in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
•
Tier 1 can be Tier 1b if regional disaggregation is applied.
•
Among Annex I Parties, this is a key category for Australia only, but it is very likely to
be a key category for many NAI Parties.
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Event impossible
If Kcategory
Non-CO2
emissions
from
Prescribed
Burning of
Savannas
If not KS
Accuracy of
estimates:
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
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Prescribed Burning of Savannas
•
Main features of the decision tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure 4.5) are:
•
•
•
If savannas do not exist, then report a “NO”
If savanna burning occurs but is not key category, emissions can be estimated
using default values
If savanna burning occurs and is a key category, emissions must be estimated
using CS activity data and emission factors, provided the activity data are
available and/or can be collected.
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Prescribed Burning of Savannas
•
IPCC Tier 1 method requires values for:
•
Living fraction of aboveground biomass
•
Dead fraction of aboveground biomass
•
Oxidized fraction after burning
•
C fraction in living and dead biomass
•
N/C ratio of the biomass
•
•
Combustion efficiency (molar ratio of emitted CO2 concentrations to the sum
of emitted CO and CO2 concentrations from savanna fires).
Non-collectable activity data (parameters): field measurements, expert judgment,
default values.
•
Additional information, provided in Appendix 4A.1 of the IPCC good practice
guidance.
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Field Burning Of Crop Residues
•
Non-CO2 gas emissions
•
One method available (Tier 1a or 1b)
•
Preference should be given to CS ADs and EFs
•
Default activity data and emission factors, available in the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines and FAO database
•
Primary uncertainty in estimating emissions of CH4 and N2O from crop residue burning is
the fraction of residue burned in the field
•
Avoid double counting of crop residues (mass balance)
•
IPCC good practice guidance refers to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for this source
category; additional information, in GPG-Appendix 4A.2, for future revision of the
methodology.
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Event impossible
If Kcategory
Non-CO2
emissions from
Crop Residue
Burning
Accuracy of
estimates:
If not Kcategory
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
If not CS-AD
If not CS-EF
If not CS-EF
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Field Burning Of Crop Residues
•
Main features from the decision tree:
•
•
If it does not occur, then report “NO”
If it occurs but is not a key category, estimates may arise from Box 1 (default
values)
•
•
use of CS-EFs (Box 2) desirable
If it occurs and is a key category, estimates may arise from Box 4 (CS-EFs +
CS activity data)
•
use of Box 3 (CS EFs + default activity data) is accepted.
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Agricultural Soils
•
•
N inputs (origin of direct N2O emissions):
•
Application of synthetic fertilizers (FSN)
•
Application of animal manure (FAM)
•
Cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops (FBN)
•
Incorporation of crop residues to soils (FCR)
•
N mineralization due to cultivation of organic soils (FOS)
•
Application of other sources, such as sewage sludge.
The inventory team must avoid double counting of emissions from synthetic
fertilizer, animal manure, and other sources (mass balance).
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62
Direct N2O emission
from Agricultural
Soils
Accuracy of
estimates:
FAMSS NFCCR
Box 5 Box 3
>
>
Box 4 Box 2
>
>
Box 1
Event impossible
If not Kcategory
If Kcategory
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Agricultural Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.)
•
Main features from the decision -tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure
4.7):
•
•
•
•
If no N applied to soils, then “NO”
If N applied but not key category, emission estimates may arise from T1a
and default data (AD, EFs) for each N input (Box 1)
If N applied and key category, then CS activity data must be provided for
the significant N inputs
For FSN, FAM, others: emission estimates should come from T1a/b and
CS data (AD, EFs) (Box 5)
•
•
acceptable to use default parameters and/or EFs
(box 4)
For FCR, FBN, FOS: emission estimates should come from T1a/b and
CS emission factors (Box 3)
•
acceptable to use default EFs (Box 2)
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Agricultural Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.)
•
There is only one tier for this source:
•
Two variations: 1a and 1b, depending on the expansion of the equations
according to the availability of activity data
•
Preference should be given to Tier 1b equations, which expand the
number of terms in the equations
•
For Parties with no necessary data, the simpler Tier 1a equations are
acceptable
•
Estimating emissions combining Tier 1a and Tier 1b equations for
different N inputs is also acceptable
•
For some N inputs, no Tier 1b equations are available.
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65
Agriculture Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.)
•
Great volume of activity data. Highly unlikely that any Party would fulfil all the
requirements
•
Activity data (collectable, field measurement):
•
Nitrogen content of substrates (manure, crop residues, sewage sludges)
•
Synthetic fertilizers: amount of N applied to soils
•
Animal manure:
•
Total amount produced, disaggregated by confinement and direct
grazing
•
Destination: 1) treated in animal waste management system
(emissions from manure management), 2) from grazing animals
(emissions from animal production), 3) manure used as fuel,
4) manure used as animal food, 5) manure applied to soils.
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Agriculture Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.)
•
•
•
Nitrogen-fixing crops:
•
Area of nitrogen-fixing crops (pulses) and nitrogen-fixing forage crops
•
Residue/crop ratios
Crop residues:
•
Area of residue-producing crops,
•
Residue/crop ratios and residue percentage which is applied to soils
Histosols:
•
•
•
Area of cultivated histosols
Sewage sludge:
•
Amount of sewage sludge applied to soils
•
Nitrogen content in sewage sludge
Partition coefficients: FRACGASF, FRACGASM, FRACPRP, FRACSEWSLUDGE,
FRACFUEL-AM, FRACFEED-AM, FRACCONST-AM, FRACNCRBF, FRACDM, FRACNCRO,
FRACBURN, FRACFUEL-CR.
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Agriculture Soils – Indirect Emissions
•
Indirect N2O emissions:
•
•
Atmospheric deposition on soils of NOX and NH4 associated with N
from the different inputs (method available for synthetic fertilizers and
animal manure)
Leaching and run-off of the N applied to soils (method available for
synthetic fertilizers and animal manure)
Disposal of sewage N (method available for discharge of sewage N into
rivers or estuaries)
•
•
Formation of N2O in the atmosphere from NH3 emissions originating
from anthropogenic activities (no method available)
Disposal of effluents from food processing and other operations (no
method available).
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Indirect N2O
emissions from
Agricultural
Soils
Event impossible
If Kcategory
Accuracy of
estimates:
If not Kcategory
Box 4
>
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
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Agricultural Soils (cont.)
•
Main features derived from the decision tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure 4.8):
•
•
If no N application, then report as “NO”
If yes but it is not a key category, emission estimates can be derived using the
default ADs and EFs (Box 1):
•
•
Recommended to apply CS AD and EFs (Box 2)
If yes and it is a key category, emission estimates must be derived using CS AD,
EFs and partitioning parameters (Box 4):
•
Acceptable to use default EFs (Box 3).
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Agricultural Soils (cont.)
•
Activity data (collectable, field measurement):
•
Nitrogen content in manures and sewage
•
Synthetic fertilizers: amount of N applied as fertilizers
•
Animal manure:
•
Total amount of animal manure produced
•
Amount of animal manure for other uses: 1) treated in animal waste
management systems, accounted for under manure management; 2) manure
from grazing animals, accounted for under animal production; 3) manure
used as fuel; and 4) manure used as animal food
•
For sewage sludge: amount applied to soils
•
Partition coefficients: FRACGASF, FRACGASM, and FRACLEACH.
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Agricultural Soils (cont.)
•
N2O emissions from animal production (pasture, range, and paddock) – Three potential
sources of N2O emissions relating to animal production:
•
•
•
Animals themselves (not accounted, assumed negligible)
Animal wastes during storage and treatment (accounted for under manure
management)
Dung and urine deposited by free-range grazing animals (accounted for
here).
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Agricultural Soils (cont.)
•
Activity data can be taken from agricultural soils and manure management:
•
•
•
•
The data required to estimate N2O emissions from each relevant animal waste
management system used by the Party
Fraction of animal populations managed as direct grazing, per animal species,
and
Nitrogen excretion rates per animal species.
Methodology for N2O emissions from animal production is addressed in the IPCC
good practice guidance, under Manure Management.
•
It is also important that activity data come from a single livestock characterization.
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Rice Production
•
IPCC provides one method for estimating CH4 emissions from rice production.
•
The method uses annual harvested areas and area-based seasonally integrated EFs. In
its simplest form, the IPCC method can be implemented using national activity data (i.e.
national total area harvested) and a single EF.
•
The method can be modified to account for variability in growing conditions by
disaggregating total harvested area into sub-units (e.g. areas under different water
management regimes), provided specific EFs are available.
•
The decision tree defines the route Parties should follow to produce accurate estimates
(IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.9).
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Event impossible
CH4 emissions
from Rice
Cultivation
If not Kcategory
Accuracy of
estimates:
If category
Box 3
>
Box 2
>
Box 1
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75
Rice Production (cont.)
•
Main features derived from the decision tree:
•
•
If no rice cultivation, then report as “NO”
If yes but it is not a key category, emissions can be estimated using default
emission factors (Box 1)
•
•
Recommended to use scaling factors for other factors including organic
amendments
If yes and it is a key category, emissions should be estimated based on data from
each cropping region, CS emission factors and scaling factors for water
management, organic amendments and soil type (Box 3)
•
Acceptable not to use scaling factors (Box 2).
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76
Rice Production (cont.)
•
Activity data on rice production and harvested area should be available in most
Parties’ national statistics.
•
Alternate options:
•
•
•
FAO website:
http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor
IRRI's World Rice Statistics (e.g. IRRI, 1995).
As cultivation area statistics may be biased, Parties are encouraged to verify their
harvested area statistics with remote sensing data.
•
Parties are encouraged to complete a survey of cropping practices to obtain data on
the type and amount of organic amendments applied.
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Thank you!
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