Energy Expenditure
Measurement: A Challenge
Presented at NFI, May 30th,2008
Dr Anupa Siddhu,
Lady Irwin College, New Delhi
Lady Irwin College, New Delhi
History
1950 FAO Report on Energy
1957 FAO Report on Energy
1964 FAO Report on Energy and Proteins
separately
1973 FAO/WHO Report on Energy and
Proteins
1985 FAO/WHO/UNU Report on Energy
and Proteins
2004 FAO Report on Energy
DefinitionEnergy requirement “is the amount of food
energy needed to balance energy expenditure in
order to maintain body size, body composition
and a level of necessary and desirable physical
activity consistent with long term good health.
This includes the energy needed for the optimal
growth and development of children, for
deposition of tissues during pregnancy, and for
the secretion of milk during lactation consistent
with the good health of mother and child.”
FAO/WHO/UNU 2004
Energy Expenditure
Conventionally two principlesMeasure heat produced ie. Direct
calorimetry- accurate, golden method
Compute heat produced from gaseous
exchange ie. Indirect calorimetry- practical,
energy costs to be used in factorial method
FAO 2004 recommends only two methods- DLW, HRM
method as ‘Direct Methods’ of EE. (conventional
indirect calorimetry ?)
Disposal of food energy
Components
Basal metabolic rate
Physical activity
Thermic effect of food
Growth
%Contribution
53(45-70)
25
6(10)
8(35 for 0-3mth;1-2 for
adolescents)
Feces
5
Urine
3
FAO 2004
Methods for 24h TEE
Weir’s equation16.5 O2 + 4.62 CO2 - 9.06 N
Metabolic chamber- open circuit or closed circuit
ventilation
Factorial method- diary method, standard or
measured costs. ex. standard costs proposed by
Satyanarayan (NIN) method, FAO/WHO/UNU 1985
method.
Continuous heart rate method- Polar
Double labeled water technique
Accelerometry- Actical, Actigraph,Tri Trac- R3D
Experiences on 24h TEE
measurements
Factorial method- standard or
measured costs, FAO/WHO/UNU
1985 method, activity record of
soldiers
Continuous heart rate method
Double labeled water technique
Accelerometry- Actical
Factorial method
AdvantageCan be used in field
Subject is not confined
Free living habitual activity
Not expensive
Subject is not under stress
Predictable if not variable activity profile
Factorial method
DisadvantagesFaulty timings
Faulty description
Inaccurate energy costs, especially standard
costs if not applicable or well measured
Using same costs for every one- Cal/min vs
PAR x BMR
Time consuming and laborious-1440min
Valid for groups and not individuals
Costs may not be known-yoga, gym
FAO/WHO/UNU 1985 method
Calculate BMR from weight- dependent
equation ( or W and H dependent equations)
Categorize day’s activities broadly intoOccupational, Discretionary and Residual
(FAO/WHO/UNU 1985) but 2004 the data on
activities under different activity categories
is given as PAR to calculate TEE by factorial
method. Factorial method - practical
Express TDEE/BMR = PAL
Calculate BMR from weight
Sex
Age
FAO/WHO/UNU
1985
Male
Female
✔
ICMR 1990
?
18-30
15.3 W + 679
14.5 W + 645
30-60
11.6 W + 879
10.9 W + 833
>60
13.5 W + 487
12.8 W + 463
18-30
14.7 W + 496
14.0 W + 471
30-60
8.7 W + 829
8.3 W + 788
>60
10.5 W + 596
10.0 W + 565
FAO/WHO/UNU 1985 method
Age 25y, weight 65y, height 1.72m, BMI 22,estimated BMR: 70 Cal/h
hours
TEE
In bed 1.0xBMR
8
560
Occupational 1.7xBMR
6
710
Discretionary: Socially
desirable and
household at 3xBMR
2
420
Discretionary:
Cardiovascular
maintenance at 6xBMR
1/3
140
7 2/3
750
24
2580 PAL=1.54
Residual 1.4xBMR
Total
Occupational : Light-1.7; Moderate-2.7; Heavy- 3.8x BMR for men
FAO/WHO/UNU 2004 committee
The categorizations in
broad categories are
now split into PAR
for- Sedentary;
Moderate; and
Vigorous
Sedentary
Sleeping
PAR
1
Personal care
2.3
Eating
1.5
Cooking
2.1
Sitting
1.5
General
housework
2.8
Driving
2.0
Walking
load)
( no
Light leisure
3.2
1.4
Oxylog: measurement of energy
expenditure
Actual energy costs measured according to activities
in various postures to compute TDEE instead of
std costs.
1.
2.
3.
Wasuja Monika Gambhir and Siddhu Anupa (2002). Age
related alterations in energy cost, energy requirement and
energy status of affluent women (30-88 years) : A cross
sectional study. PhD Thesis
Sirohy Raksha, Siddhu Anupa and Sundararaj Pushpa
(2001). Age related changes in body composition and
physical work capacity of women.
Talwar Surabhy , Bhargava Usha and Siddhu Anupa (1998) :
Age related changes in the energy status of office going men
(20 – 60 years).
cond.
Oxylog: measurement of energy
expenditure
Bhutani Shella and Siddhu Anupa (1995). Age
related changes in the energy status of women
from middle income group (20-69 years).
Nagpal Neetu and Siddhu Anupa (1996).
Comparative study of pre- and post- menopausal
women on body composition, energy status and
energy cost of physical activity.
Goel Parul and Siddhu Anupa (1997). Energy
expenditure in normal and spastic hemiplegic
women (18 – 20 years).
Energy Cost of Lying (EL) as measured with OXYLOG II.( 3088 years; n=83)
(Mean + S.D with Range)
ENERGY COST
OF ACTIVITIES
LYING (EL)
Kcal/min
Kcal/min/kgBW
D3
30-39y
n=22
D4 (M)
40-49y
n=20
D5
50-59y
n=20
D6
60-69y
n=14
D7
70-88y
n=07
D7-D3
[%]
1.09+0.18
(0.85-1.43)
1.24+0.19
(0.88-1.60)
1.22+0.19
(0.85-1.53)
1.01+0.11a
(0.85-1.21)
0.90+0.06b
(0.80-1.01)
-0.19
[17.4]
0.019+0.004
(0.012-0.027)
0.019+0.002
(0.016-0.024)
0.017+0.002
(0.015-0.024)
0.016+0.003c
(0.011-0.023)
0.016+0.003
(0.013-0.021)
-0.003
[15.8]
(M) Premenopausal
( ) denote range; [ ] denote percentage
a , EL (Kcal/min) ; p<0.05 (ANOVA), D4>D3,D6,D7
b , EL (Kcal/min) ; p<0.05 (ANOVA), D5>D6,D7
c , EL (Kcal/min/kg BW) ; p<0.05 (ANOVA), D6<D3,D4
Using Standard Costs
Vasudha Shukla, Som Nath Singh and Siddhu
Anupa (2007). Studies of the energy
requirements of Indian soldiers and
influence of appetite regulatory peptides on
their nutritional status at high altitude.PhD
Thesis
TDEE of trainee at sea level estimated by three
methods (n=18, 19.3y,BMI=18.7,BF%= 12.8)
Parameter Factorial
method
TDEE
3083
±85*
PAL
2.07
Activity
method#
4378
±279 **
2.94±
0.24
Actical
DLW
3331
±253
2.24±
0.18
3240 ±639
2.18± 0.45
*4.85% less than DLW,ANOVA; **P<0.001 in comparison to factorial
method, Actical and DLW
# Malhotra et al 1962
Vasudha Shukla et al 2007
Energy requirement: PAL values
Body
Sex
Sedentary
Moderate
Heavy
ICMR 1990
M/F
1.6
1.9
2.5
FAO/WHO/
UNU1985
M
1.55
1.78
2.10
FAO/WHO/
UNU1985
F
1.56
1.64
1.82
1.4-1.69
1.7-1.99
2.0-2.4*
FAO/WHO/
UNU 2004
* PAL>2.4 not sustainable; mid-point value can be used for computations
for group average
Short term relief= 1.4 x BMR , FAO 2004
Features
Values are applicable to groups not individuals
Reference man and woman- discontinued since 1985
report
Energy expenditure is the criteria not intake. Obese
under report intake. Recommended method to
measure expenditure is DLW or HRM for adults.
Descriptor is average not safe level. Population is
healthy normal BMI 18.5 -25 for western (or -23 in
Asians)
PAL > 1.7 desirable physical activity to prevent
obesity and its co morbidities and 30-60min of
moderate activity like brisk walk as part of everyday
life (FAO 2004)
Terms used
PAL =
Total energy expenditure per day
BMR per day
PAR =
Energy cost of an individual activity per min
energy cost of BMR per min
Continuous heart rate
monitoring (HRM) method
Min- to- min heart rate recording
VO2 – HR relationship graph; individual
relationship curves
Applicable to moderate to heavy workers
Most suitable on active adolescents and
children
Applicable to field- swimming, sports, dance,
children in play etc.
Experiences with HRM as a
method of EE
Vangipuram Sujata and Siddhu Anupa (1993). Use of Heart
rate technique to determine energy cost of a training camp
for young sportswomen.
Mehta Manisha and Siddhu Anupa (1993). Mapping energy
requirements from minute- to-minute heart rate recording for
sedentary and active sportswomen (18-25 y).
Menon Purnima and Siddhu Anupa (1994). Energy status of
young women (18-24y) performing Indian classical dance.
Saxena Shilpa and Siddhu Anupa (1994). Use of heart rate
technique to determine the energy cost of Kathak dance and
Dietetic Internship.
Rishi Priti and Siddhu Anupa (1998). Mapping RDA for energy
for Indian sportswomen. PhD Thesis
Priyanka Gupta and Siddhu Anupa (2007). Measuring freeliving energy expenditure with accelerometry in young
collegiate girls.
Experiences with HRM as a
method of EE
Excellent for swimmers, dances, sports as
not interfere and not affected by hydration.
Individual energy costs can be measured
Not recommended on sedentary population
Tedious and expensive due to individual HRVO2 relationship in well established
sophisticated lab. Limits field selection of
sample.
Double labeled water technique
An accurately weighed dose of deuterium oxide-0.15g/kgBW and
18O-0.12g/kg BW is given orally to volunteers with 50ml distilled
water. The samples of urine are taken under free living
conditions at 6h, 1d,7d,10d 14d after the dose. Isotopic
determination is done on Isotope mass spectrometer( Europa
Scientific). The CO2 is calculated by Schoeller’s equation.
2H O
2
urine
2H 18O
2
C18O2
breath
H218O
Urine
Double labeled water technique
(DLW)
Advantage
Simple
Applicable to field
Cumulative energy expenditure over a period of time
under free living conditions
More accurate
Disadvantage
Cannot give energy costs
Need accurate collection of urine, blood and saliva
Need uniform distribution of body fluids
Costly
Accelerometry: Actical
Priyanka Gupta and Siddhu Anupa (2007). Measuring free-living
energy expenditure with accelerometry in young collegiate
girls.
Vasudha Shukla, Som Nath Singh and Siddhu Anupa (2007).
Studies of the energy requirements of Indian soldiers and
influence of appetite regulatory peptides on their nutritional
status at high altitude.
Accelerometers detect low frequency (0.53.2Hz)and G-forces(0.05-2.0 Hz) common to human
movements and generate analog voltage signal that
is filtered and amplified. The actual number stored
by actical are proportional to the magnitude and
duration of sensed acceleration and correspond to
changes in physical activity energy expenditure.
Accelerometry: Actical - n=33
collegiate women
Actical gave significantly higher (p<0.001) 7d EE than
Factorial Method
Actical gave significantly higher (p<0.05) EE than HRM
HRM and factorial method correlate well.
PAL=1.59(HRM); 1.52(Fac M): and 1.73(Actical)
Energy cost of activities by Actical was significantly
higher than factorial method (p<0.001) but in complete
agreement with HRM for cost of walking at 6km/h. Actical
is a potential tool to measure AEE but overestimates
TEE.
Priyanka Gupta et al 2007
Accelerometry: Actical
HRM has a limitation to measure cost of
sitting, yoga/asanas.
Actical need more standardisations.
CV% of Actical was 13.37% (inter-) and
7.47%(intra-variability)
Waist was found to be better than wrist
and 3d(2h+1H) was as good as 7d.
Priyanka Gupta et al 2007
Accelerometry: Actical
Actical overestimates by 2.8% as compared
to DLW
The comparisons were done on 18 Trainees
at sea level.
TDEE by Actical(3331 Cal/d) was higher than
DLW (3240Cal) and Factorial method(3083
Cal/d) but Activity record(4378 Cal/d) was
significantly higher than other three
methods.
Vasudha Shukla et al 2007
PAL:FAO 2004 Method
Location
Trainee
Infantry
Support
Sea Level
2.07(n=101)
2.3(n=50)
2.05(n=69)
High
Altitude
-
2.73(n=52) 2.52(n=24)
PAL>2.4 not sustainable, FAO 2004
PAL 2.24(Actical); 2.18(DLW) on n=18 sea level
Vasudha Shukla et al 2007
Acknowledgement
Human Performance Lab, Sports Authority of
India, JLN Stadium, New Delhi
UGC/DSA grant to buy equipment
DIPAS, New Delhi
St John’s Medical College, Bangalore
Students and staff of Lady Irwin College
MSc Dissertation students
PhD students
Select reading
FAO (2004) Human energy requirements. Jt
FAO/WHO/UNU Expert consultation . Rome
WHO (1985) Energy and protein requirements.
Jt FAO/WHO/UNU Expert consultation.
Technical Report Series 724. Geneva
ICMR (1990) Nutrient requirements and
recommended dietary allowances for Indians.