1


1960s Many models of memory
proposed
Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)-Modal
Model

Sensory Memory

Short-term Memory

Long-term Memory
2

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory
3
4
Sensory
Memory
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
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6
7

Serial Position Effect

Recency Effect

Kintsch & Buschke (1969)

Behavioral Neuroscience Evidence
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9
Primacy
Effect
Recency
Effect
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11


How could we test the idea that the last few
items are in STS?
How can we test that the primacy effect
represents LTS?
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13
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
H.M.
- Epileptic
- Temporal Lobes / Hippocampus
- STM ---> LTM disrupted

K.F.
- Damage to Left Cerebral Cortex
- LTM Normal
- STM capacity severely limited
15
The dog bit the man and the man died.
vs.
The man the dog bit died.
16

More recent research challenges the strict
coding distinction

Recency Effect challenged

Neuroscience evidence
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20
21
22

Sensory memory or sensory register

Visual, auditory, touch, taste, smell

Relatively raw, unprocessed form
23

Stimuli change

Maintain for selection and further
processing

Integrate fragments of a stimuli into a single
unitary perception
24

Sperling (1960)

Averbach & Sperling (1961)
25
26
27
*
28
J
Z G B
S
X P L
R M Q F
29
30
31
*
32
Y Q C H
N D R J
V B K S
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34
35
36
37
1.
Location
2.
Usefulness
3.
Saccades
4.
Nature of the code
38
1
K 5 L
H
J 3 B
7
D 8 T
39
40
41

Neisser (1967) - Echoic memory and the echo

Darwin, Turvey, & Crowder (1972)

Differences from iconic memory

Crowder (1982)
42
43
44
45
46

Nature of Forgetting

Duration

Nature of Code

Capacity
47

Brown/Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Trigram task
KH R
0 – 18
se c on ds
D elay / D istr ac tor
(94 7, 94 6, 94 5
. . . 93 9)
R ec al l T rigra m
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K X J
P L G
S Y T
H Z R
49
50

Conrad (1964)

Visual display of letters


Phonological confusions: (‘D’ for ‘E’
but not ‘F’ for ‘E’)
Wickelgren (1965)
51
K
Z
L
F
d is trac to r tas k s
(c opy down 4 ne w le tte rs)
C
B
G
D
X
M I
W
re ca ll or ig ina l 4 lett er s
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Sensory
Memory
Short-Term
Memory
Long-Term
Memory
53

Limited Capacity (7 + 2)

Digit Span Task

Difficulties
54

Chunking

Recoding:(1 4 9 2 ----> ‘1492’ Columbus)

Chase & Ericsson (1982)
55
56



Initial Session (8 digits):
Digit Series:
1, 0, 5, 3, 1, 8, 7, 4
SF’s Recall:
105
31874
Later Session (11 digits):
Digit Series:
90756629867
SF’s Recall:
907
566
29867
SF’s Report:
9:07 a 2-mile time
Still Later Sessions (22 digits):
Digit Series: 4131778406034948709462
SF’s Recall: 413.1 / 77.84 / 0603
494 / 870 / 946.2
SF’s Report: 4:13.1 mile time
06:03 mile time
9:46.2 2-mile time
57
58

Decay vs. Interference

Waugh & Norman (1965) - Probe digit task

Varying the type of distractor task and
stimulus material

Keppel & Underwood (1962)

PI = Proactive Interference

Wickens et. al. - Release from PI
59
16 digits
----->
probe digit
519635142867394
9837571493862752
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61
Tr ia l 1 – ‘H JX’
Tr ia l 2 – ‘RL B ’
Tr ia l 3 – ‘ZN F ’
C ont rol
‘ G ST ’
Expe ri m ental
‘493 ’
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64
65

Revision of STM

3 part system

Baddeley

Dual task paradigm
66
67
Figure 4.5 with caption
68
AB
‘A’ precedes ‘B’?
T or F
‘B’ is preceded by ‘A’ .
T or F
‘B’ does not precede ‘A’.
T or F
69
E xp e rim e nt 1 :
0, 1, 2 it ems pre lo a ded
re ason ing task
lett er rec al l
E xp e rim e nt 2 :
0 or 6 it ems
re ason ing task
lett er rec al l
70
71
72
Condition 1
1. Study 6 pictures
Condition 2
1. Study 6 pictures while
saying “la, la, la . . .”
2. Create mental image,
subtract a specific part,
and name it.
2. Create mental image,
subtract a specific part
and name it.
?
Fish
Result?
3. Number of correct
items: 2.7
3. Number of correct
items: 3.8
73

Read the following words. When you have
finished look away and try to remember
them:


England, Burma, Greece, Spain, Iceland, Malta,
Laos
Again read the words, look away and try to
remember them:

Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, Nicaragua,
Afghanistan, Venezuela, Philippines, Madagascar
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75
76
 D ifficu lt to E sti m at e
 D iffer ent me an ing s ( st orag e capac it y v s.
pro cessi ng cap acit y)
 D igit Sp an Ta sk
 Mi lle r – “Th e M ag ical N umb er S ev en,
P lu s o r M inu s T w o . . .”
 7±2
77