2 D and 3 D Graphics and Animations
Doncho Minkov
Technical Trainer http://www.minkov.it
Telerik School Academy schoolacademy.telerik.com

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Introduction to WPF Graphics
WPF Drawing Model
Resolution Independence
Basic Graphics Objects
Basic Shapes
Bitmaps, Images and Effects
Brushes and Pens
Transformations
Animation
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 Graphical elements can be integrated into any part of user interface
 Free to mix them with any other kind of element
 Use graphical elements inside controls
 E.g. put an ellipse inside a button
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<DockPanel>
<StackPanel DockPanel.Dock="Top"
Orientation="Horizontal">
<TextBlock Text="Mix text, " />
<Ellipse Fill="red" Width="40" />
<TextBlock Text=" and " />
<Button>Controls</Button>
</StackPanel>
<Ellipse DockPanel.Dock="Left" Fill="Yellow"
Width="100" />
<Button DockPanel.Dock="Left">z</Button>
<TextBlock FontSize="24" TextWrapping="Wrap">
And of course you can put graphics into your text:
<Ellipse Fill="Cyan" Width="50" Height="20" />
</TextBlock>
</DockPanel>
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Live Demo

 In WPF we don't need to write a C# code to respond to redraw requests\
 WPF can keep the screen repainted for us
 This is because WPF lets us represent drawings as objects that can be represented as XAML
 Objects are representing graphical shapes in the tree of user interface elements
 When some property is changed, WPF will automatically update the display
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<Canvas x:Name="MainCanvas" MouseLeftButtonDown=
"mainCanvas_MouseLeftButtonDown">
<Rectangle Canvas.Left="10" Canvas.Top="30"
Fill="Indigo" Width="40" Height="20" />
<Rectangle Canvas.Left="20" Canvas.Top="40"
Fill="Yellow" Width="40" Height="20" />
<Rectangle Canvas.Left="30" Canvas.Top="50"
Fill="Orange" Width="40" Height="20" />
</Canvas> private void MainCanvas_MouseLeftButtonDown
(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
Rectangle r = e.Source as Rectangle; if (r != null)
{ r.Width += 10; }
}
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Live Demo

 What is resolution independence ?
 Elements on the screen can be drawn at sizes independent from the pixel grid
 Resizing do not affect the image quality
 WPF resolution independence means that
 If two monitors are set to their native resolution and each of them is accurately reporting its DPI settings to WPF
 They will display the same WPF window at the exactly the same size
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 WPF is resolution independent, but it has logical units to give elements size
 A WPF window and all the elements inside it are using device-independent units
 WPF defines a device-independent pixel as
1/96th of an inch
 WPF optimizes its rendering of graphical features for any scale
 It is ideally placed to take advantage of increasing screen resolutions
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 WPF supports transformations at a fundamental level
 Everything in the UI can be transformed
 Not just the user-drawn graphics
 E.g. text, images, graphical objects, lines, ellipses, rectangles, controls, etc.
 The LayoutTransform property
 Available on all user interface elements in WPF
 Rotation, scaling, effects (e.g. blur), etc.
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<Button>
<Button.LayoutTransform>
<ScaleTransform ScaleX="2" ScaleY="2" />
</Button.LayoutTransform>
...
<!--The result is-->
</Button> <!--without scaling--> <!--with scaling-->
 The details have become crisper
 Graphic is clearer
 Because WPF has rendered the button to look as good as it can at the specified size
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 Most of the classes in WPF’s drawing toolkit fall into one of these three categories:
 Shapes – geometrical figures, e.g. rectangle
 Brushes – mechanisms to fill a shape
 Pens – draw the shape borders
 Shapes are objects that provide the basic building blocks for drawing
 Rectangle , Ellipse , Line , Polyline ,
Polygon , and Path
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 The simplest brush is the single-color
SolidColorBrush
 For more interesting visual effects use
 LinearGradientBrush
 RadialGradientBrush
 Create brushes based on images
 ImageBrush
 DrawingBrush
 VisualBrush – take any visual tree
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 Pens are used to draw the outline of a shape
 Pen is just an augmented brush
 When you create a Pen object
 You give it a Brush to tell it how it should paint onto the screen
 The Pen class adds more settings
 Line thickness (1px, 2px, …)
 Dash patterns (solid, dotted, dashed, …)
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 The Fill property
 Specifies the Brush that will be used to paint the interior
 The Stroke property
 Specifies the Brush that will be used to paint the outline of the shape
 The Stretch property
 How the shape is stretched to fill the shape object's layout space
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 It can be drawn either filled in shape, as an outline, or both filled in and outlined
 Rectangle doesn’t provide any properties for setting its location
 The location is determined by the container
(e.g. Canvas , StackPanel , FlowPanel , …)
<Canvas>
<Rectangle Fill="Yellow" Stroke="Black"
Canvas.Left="30" Canvas.Top="10"
Width="100" Height="20" />
</Canvas>
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 A Rectangle will usually be aligned with the coordinate system of its parent panel
 If the parent panel has been rotated,
Rectangle will of course be also rotated
 RadiusX and RadiusY properties
 Draw a rectangle with rounded corners
 RenderTransform property
 Transforms a Rectangle relative to its containing panel (rotate, scale, effects, …)
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 Ellipse is similar to Rectangle
 Size, location, rotation, fill, and stroke of an
Ellipse are controlled in exactly the same way as for a Rectangle
<Ellipse Width="100" Height="50" Fill="Yellow"
Stroke="Black" />
<!--The result is-->
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 Draws a straight line between two points
 Controlling the location
 X1 and Y1 define the start point, and X2 and Y2 determine the end point
<StackPanel Orientation="Vertical">
<TextBlock Background="LightGray">Foo</TextBlock>
<Line Stroke="Green" X1="20" Y1="10" X2="100" Y2="40" />
<TextBlock Background="LightGray">Bar</TextBlock>
<Line Stroke="Green" X1="0" Y1="10" X2="100" Y2="0" />
</StackPanel>
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Live Demo

 Draw a connected series of line segments
 Points property
 Containing a list of coordinate pairs
<Polyline Stroke="Blue"
Points="0,30 10,30 15,0 18,60 23,30 35,30
40,0 43,60 48,30 160,30" />
<!--The result is-->
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 Polygon is very similar to Polyline
 It has a Points property that works in exactly the same way as Polyline ’s
 Polygon always draws a closed shape
<Polyline Fill="Orange" Stroke="Blue"
StrokeThickness="2" Points="40,10 70,50 10,50" />
<Polygon Fill="Orange" Stroke="Blue"
StrokeThickness="2" Points="40,10 70,50 10,50" />
<!--The result is-->
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 FillRule property
 If this number is odd, the point was inside the shape
 If it is even, the point is outside the shape
 The default rule is EvenOdd
<Polygon Fill="Orange" Stroke="Blue"
StrokeThickness="2"
FillRule="Nonzero" Points="10,10 60,10 60,25 20,25
20,40 40,40 40,18 50,18 50,50 10,50" />
<!--The result is-->
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 Path draws more complex shapes
 Data property specifies the Geometry
 Three geometry types
 RectangleGeometry
 Correspond to the Rectangle
 EllipseGeometry
 Correspond to the Ellipse
 LineGeometry
 Correspond to the Line
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 GeometryGroup object
 Create a shape with multiple geometries
<Canvas>
<Path Fill="Cyan" Stroke="Black">
<Path.Data>
<GeometryGroup>
<EllipseGeometry Center="20, 40" RadiusX="20"
RadiusY="40" />
<EllipseGeometry Center="20, 40" RadiusX="10"
RadiusY="30" />
</GeometryGroup>
</Path.Data>
</Path>
</Canvas>
<!--The result is-->
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Live Demo

 The ArcSegment
 Add elliptical curves to the edge of a shape
 Provides two flags
 IsLargeArc – determines whether you get the larger or smaller slice size
 SweepDirection – chooses on which side of the line the slice is drawn
 Draw Bézier curves and combining shapes
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<Path Fill="Cyan" Stroke="Black">
<Path.Data>
<PathGeometry>
<PathFigure StartPoint="0,11" IsClosed="True">
<ArcSegment Point="50,61" Size="70,30"
SweepDirection="Counterclockwise" />
</PathFigure>
<PathFigure StartPoint="30,11" IsClosed="True">
<ArcSegment Point="80,61" Size="70,30"
SweepDirection="Clockwise"
IsLargeArc="True" />
</PathFigure>
</PathGeometry> <!--The result is-->
</Path.Data>
</Path>
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Live Demo

 Image simply displays a picture
 Place image anywhere in the visual tree
 Source property
 URL of the image file / resource
 Setting the Source property to an absolute URL
<Image Source="http://www.interactsw.co.uk/images/M3/BackOfM3.jpeg" />
 Using relative URL
<Image Source="/MyFunnyImage.jpeg" />
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 The Image element is able to resize the image
 The default scaling behavior
 Use the same scale factor horizontally and vertically
 Stretch property
 The image will fill the entire space of its container
<Image Source="/MyFunnyImage.jpeg" Stretch="Fill"
Opacity="0.5" />
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 ImageSource is an abstract base class
 Represent an image
 Two classes derive from ImageSource
 DrawingImage
 It wraps a resolution-independent drawing object
 BitmapSource – it also is abstract
 Bitmap source types: BitmapFrame ,
BitmapImage , CachedBitmap ,
ColorConvertedBitmap , etc.
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 RenderTargetBitmap
 Create a new bitmap from any visual
RenderTargetBitmap bmp = new RenderTargetBitmap(300,150,300,300,
PixelFormats.Pbgra32);
Ellipse e = new Ellipse(); e.Fill = Brushes.Green; e.Measure(new Size(96, 48)); e.Arrange(new Rect(0, 0, 96, 48)); bmp.Render(e);
<!-- The result is -->
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 You can choose any resolution you like for the output
 RenderTargetBitmap lets you build a bitmap out of any combination of WPF visuals
 It is great if you want to build or modify a bitmap using WPF elements
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 BitmapEffects property
 Apply a visual effect to the element and all of its children
 All of these effects use bitmap processing algorithms
<StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
<StackPanel Orientation="Vertical">
<TextBlock Text="Normal Text"
TextAlignment="Center" FontWeight="Bold" />
<RadioButton Content="Better in position 1?"
GroupName="r" />
</StackPanel>
<!--The example continues-->
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<StackPanel Orientation="Vertical" Margin="10,0">
<StackPanel.BitmapEffect>
<BlurBitmapEffect Radius="3" />
</StackPanel.BitmapEffect>
<TextBlock Text="Blurred Text" TextAlignment="Center"
FontWeight="Bold" />
<RadioButton Content="Or position 2?" GroupName="r" />
</StackPanel>
</StackPanel>
 The built-in effects
 BevelBitmapEffect
 BitmapEffectGroup
 BlurBitmapEffect
 …
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Live Demo

 SolidColorBrush uses one color across the whole area being painted
 It has just one property – Color
<Rectangle Fill="Yellow" Width="100" Height="20" />
 The XAML compiler will recognize Yellow as one of the standard named colors from the
Colors class
 Uses a numeric color value
 Begin with a # symbol and contain hexadecimal digits – Fill="#8F8"
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 The painted area transitions from one color to another
 The StartPoint and EndPoint properties
 Indicate where the color transition begins and ends
 These coordinates are relative to the area being filled
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<Rectangle Width="80" Height="60">
<Rectangle.Fill>
<LinearGradientBrush StartPoint="0,0" EndPoint="1,1">
<GradientStop Color="Blue" Offset="0" />
<GradientStop Color="White" Offset="1" />
</LinearGradientBrush> <!--The result is-->
</Rectangle.Fill>
</Rectangle>
 Each GradientStop has an Offset property
 Enables the fill to pass through multiple colors
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 TileBrush
 Base class for ImageBrush , DrawingBrush , and VisualBrush
 Decides how to stretch the source image to fill the available space
 Stretch property
 Specifies how the content of this TileBrush stretches to fit its tiles
 Fill / Uniform / UniformToFill
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 AlignmentX and AlignmentY properties
 Horizontal and vertical alignment of content in the TileBrush base tile
 Viewbox , Viewport , ViewboxUnits , and
ViewportUnits properties
 Allow you to focus on any part of the image or choose specific scale factors
 TileMode property
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Live Demo

 A Pen is always based on a brush
 Accessed through Stroke property
 Describes how a shape is outlined
 Important properties
 Thickness and DashArray properties
<Rectangle Stroke="Black" StrokeThickness="5"
StrokeDashArray="10 1 3 1" />
<Rectangle Stroke="Black" StrokeThickness="5"
StrokeDashArray="6 1 6" />
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 TranslateTransform – displaces the coordinate system by some amount
 RotateTransform – rotates coordinate system
 Angle , CenterX , CenterY properties
<Button Width="180" Height="60" Canvas.Left="100"
Canvas.Top="100">I'm rotated 35 degrees
<Button.RenderTransform>
<RotateTransform Angle="35"
CenterX="45" CenterY="5" />
</Button.RenderTransform>
</Button>
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 ScaleTransform – scales the coordinate system up or down
 ScaleX , ScaleY , CenterX , CenterY properties
 SkewTransform – warps your coordinate system by slanting it a number of degrees
 AngleX , AngleY , CenterX , CenterX
 MatrixTransform – modifies the coordinate system using matrix multiplication
 Matrix property
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Live Demo

 WPF and Silverlight perform time-based animation with Storyboard
 Uses a property-based animation model
 E.g. modify the value of a property over an interval of time
 To animate a property you need to have an animation class
 To modify the color from some value to another, use the ColorAnimation class
 To modify a property, use DoubleAnimation
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<Canvas>
<Ellipse Width="200" Height="150" Fill="Orange" x:Name="AnimatedEllipse">
<Ellipse.Triggers>
<EventTrigger RoutedEvent="Ellipse.Loaded">
<BeginStoryboard><Storyboard>
<DoubleAnimation
Storyboard.TargetName="AnimatedEllipse"
Storyboard.TargetProperty="(Canvas.Left)"
From="-50" To="300" Duration="00:00:0.88"
AutoReverse="True"
RepeatBehavior="Forever" />
</Storyboard></BeginStoryboard>
</EventTrigger>
</Ellipse.Triggers>
</Ellipse>
</Canvas>
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Live Demo

1.
Write a program that visualize this figure.
Use only rectangles and RenderTransform .
2.
Draw the rectangles from the previous exercise with rounded corners.
3.
Write a WPF program that visualize the figure below.
Use Polyline and
FillRule property.
Polygon and
4.
In the demo " Arc Segment " add rotation of 45 degrees (rotating the ellipses before slicing them).
5.
Draw few national flags (e.g. Bulgarian, German, …).
Make an animation that transits from one flag to another by changing the opacity of the flags.

6.
Write a WPF program that visualize a
LinearGradientBrush with multiple colors (use
Offset property).
7.
Use TransformGroup to apply a ScaleTransform and a RotateTransform to the RenderTransform property of a TextBlock .
8.
Implement Storyboard animation that moves a large blue rectangle from left to right and back. Add a counterclockwise rotation to the animation. Finally add a color-changing animation from blue to yellow.

9.
Implement a star field simulation in WPF. The sky should be a Canvas panel with black background. The stars should be light blue circles with different size and transparency.
All stars should move from top to bottom with different speed. Larger stars move faster and are less transparent.
10.
Add a space ship at the bottom of the screen.
11.
Make the ship move left or right by keyboard keys.
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12.
Create a WPF application that shows a circle, filled in orange color with black borders.
13.
Create a WPF application that shows the text “Hello world” with font family Consolas , size 100 , and color blue .
14.
Create a WPF application that shows three nested rectangles with in different colors.
15.
Create a WPF application that shows a few rectangles with rounded corners.
16.
Create a WPF application that shows all fonts in " C:\Windows\Fonts ".
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17.
Create a WPF application that shows a
FlowDocument . The document should consist of header (show in the center of the window, with different font from the other text), a picture
(floating at the top left corner) and some other text.
18.
Create a WPF application that shows the lists below:
Use List and MarkerStyle , StartIndex properties.

19.
Create a WPF application that shows the table below:
20.
Create a WPF application that shows the table below: