Lecture 1

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Every Wednesday:
15:00 hrs to 18:00 hrs
:‫هر اربع‬
‫ وڳي تائين‬6 ‫ وڳي کان‬3 ‫شام‬
DIGITAL INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS FOR
COMMUNICATION
‫احسان احمد عرسا ِڻي‬
My Introduction
‫منهنجو تعارف‬

Ahsan Ahmad Ursani

Associate Professor



Dept. of Telecommunication
Engineering
Office No: TL-117
Institute of Communication
Technologies

Email:

Web page:
‫احسان احمد عرساڻي‬
‫ايسوسيئيٽ پروفيسر‬
‫شعبو ڏور ربطيات‬
TL-117 :‫دفتر نمبر‬
‫انسٽيٽيوٽ آف ڪميونيڪيشن‬
‫ٽيڪناالجيز‬
:‫برق ٽپال‬
ahsan.ursani@faculty.muet.edu.pk
https://sites.google.com/a/fac :‫ويب صفحو‬
ulty.muet.edu.pk/aau/home
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
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The Teaching Plan
‫تدريس ي رٿا‬
Pre-Requisite:
IC Design
S. No. Chapter
Hours
1
Dynamc Combinational CMOS Logic
10
2
Designing Sequential Logic
17
3
Designing Memory and Array Structures
21
Total
48
The Textbook
‫نصابي ڪتاب‬
Digital Integrated Circuits
A Design Perspective
Jan M. Rabaey
Chapter 6, 7, & 12
Chapter 1
‫باب پهريون‬
S. No.
Topic
Hours
1
Introduction
1
2
Complementary CMOS
1
3
Ratioed Logic
1
4
Pass-Transistor Logic
1
5
Basic Principles of Dynamic Logic
1
6
Speed and Power Dissipation
1
7
Issues in Dynamic Design
1
8
Casdaing Dynamic Gates
1
9
Choosing a logic Design
1
10
Designing logic for Reduced Supply Voltages
1
Total
10
Static Vs Dynamic
Static


At every point in time (except
during the switching transients)
each gate output is connected
to either VDD or Vss via a
low-resistance path.
the outputs of the gates
assume at all times the value
of the Boolean function
implemented by the circuit
(ignoring, once again, the
transient effects during
switching periods).
Dynamic

Relies on temporary
storage of signal
values on the
capacitance of highimpedance circuit
nodes
Static Vs. Dynamic
Static
Dynamic
Basic concepts of a dynamic gate
An n-type network
AB+C Gate
Dynamic Logic – Basic Principle

Uses N+2 transistors
N



is the no. Of inputs
Uses clock cycle
Two phases
 Pre-Charge
 Pre-charge
PMOS conducts
 Doesn’t implement logic
during the pre-charge phase
 Evaluation
 Evaluation
NMOS conducts
Pre-Charge
 Unconditionally
Charges
out to 1 through Mp

Evaluation
 Logically
discharges out
to 0 through Me and
PDN
Out  CLK   A  B  C  CLK
Properties of Dynamic Logic
Advantages




Faster than Static CS
CMOS logic
Less power consumption
than ratioed logic
No care in transistor
sizing for proper
functionality
Glitching (or dynamic
hazards) does not occur
in dynamic logic
Disadvantages


More power
consumption than
Static CS CMOS logic
There’s a Dead Zone
 Dynamic
logic gates
cannot be used during
pre-charge phase
Power Consumption in Dynamic Logic



Non-ratioed logic
No static power
consumption
Only dynamic power
consumption
 During
transitions
 Depends on the switching
activity




α01 = P0P1
α01 = P0(1)
α01 = P0
α01 = N0 /2N
N
is the number of
inputs
 There are 2N
combinations in the TT
 N0 is the no. of zeros in
the TT
Problem 6.7: Activity Computation






For the 4-input dynamic NAND
gate, compute the activity
factor with the following
assumption for the inputs.
Assume that the inputs are
independent and
pA=1 = 0.2,
pB=1 = 0.3,
pC=1 = 0.5, and
pD=1 = 0.4.
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Page 278
C
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Y
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Comparing 2-input NOR Gates
Switching Activity

Static
 α01

= P1 P0 = ¼ ¾ = 3/16
Dynamic
 α01
= P0 = ¾
Truth Table
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
Y
1
0
0
0
4-input NAND gate
Characteristics of 4-input Dynamic Gate




VOH = VDD
VIH = VTN
NMH = VDD – VTN
tpHL = 0.11 ns


Proportional to the no. Of
NMOS in PDN
VM = VTN





VOL = 0V
VIL = VTN
NML = VTN
tpLH = 0 ns
tpre = 0.083 nsec
Pre-charge time



Pre-charge time is a
‘Dead Zone’
Doesn’t apply logic
It is the time
proportional
to the charging time
 CL
 Inversely proportional to
the width of the precharge PMOS






Mp wider
Less resistance
Less charging time
Too large Mp might be
slowdown the gate and
increase the power
dissipation of the clock
signal
May coincide with other
system functions
Basic concepts of a P-type dynamic
gate
A p-type network
AB+C Gate
Issues in Dynamic Design




Charge Leakage
Charge Sharing
Capacitive Coupling
Clock-Feedthrough
Charge Leakage


Periodic refresh
Lower bound on operating
frequency
Solution

Bleeder transistor
Charge Sharing

During precharge
A=B=0
 Ca s discharged


During evaluation
A makes 01 transition while B=0
 Ma turns ON
 The charge stored originally on
capacitor CL is redistributed over CL
and Ca
 This causes a drop in the output voltage

Charging sharing in 3-i/p XNOR

Pre-charge
 A=0,

Evaluation
 A=0,

B=0, C=0
B=1, C=1
VDD =2.5 v
Ca  Cc
V  VDD 
Ca  Cc  C y
30
V  2.5v 
 0.94v
30  50
VT  2.5v  0.94v  1.56v
Solution to Charge Sharing

Precharging critical internal
internal nodes
 The
most common and effective
approach to deal with the
charge redistribution

comes at the cost of increased
area and capacitance.
Capacitive Coupling

High o/p impedance
 floating
node
 very sensitive to
crosstalk effects
 A wire routed over a
dynamic node may
couple capacitively

Backgate coupling
 O/p
Out2  Out1In
to i/p coupling
Out1  AB
Capacitive Coupling

High o/p impedance
 floating
node
 very sensitive to
crosstalk effects
 A wire routed over a
dynamic node may
couple capacitively

Backgate coupling
 O/p
Out2  Out1In
to i/p coupling
Out1  AB
Clock-Feedthrough

CC b/w Clock i/p of
Preharge device and
Dynamic o/p node
Cascading Dynamic Gates
Designing Logic for Reduced Supply
Voltages
Problem 6.7 Activity Computation

For the 4-input dynamic NAND gate, compute the
activity factor with the following assumption for the
inputs. Assume that the inputs are independent and
PA=1 = 0.2, PB=1 = 0.3, PC=1 = 0.5, and PD=1 = 0.4.
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