Urban PM2.5 levels
under the
EU Clean Air Policy Package
Gregor Kiesewetter, Markus Amann
Presentation slides complementing TSAP Report #12
The use of these slides is encouraged with proper reference to
Kiesewetter and Amann (2014): Urban PM2.5 levels under the EU Clean Air Policy
Package, TSAP Report #12, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Methodology
• For the PM2.5 measurements at urban stations reported in the EEA
AIRBASE database for 2009, the contributions from sources at different
spatial scales and economic sectors have been estimated with the
GAINS/EMEP/CHIMERE models.
• Sufficient data were available for 21 Member States.
• The same models have been used to estimate contributions in 2030
under the assumption of the emission reductions proposed in the
2013 Clean Air Policy Package.
• Both cases are compared against the WHO guideline value of 10 μg/m3.
Origin of PM2.5 at street canyon stations
and how it is modelled in GAINS
Build-up of PM2.5 contributions
from different geographical origin
How GAINS apportions observed PM2.5
to the different sources of origin
Contributions:
PM2.5
Street
City
National
Transboundary
Natural
The methodology is described in more detail in TSAP Report#12 and
Kiesewetter et al., 2014 (Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, )
Spatial origins of PM2.5
at background monitoring stations covered by GAINS
(relative fractions of total modelled PM2.5 at each station in 2009)
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Austria
Average of 19 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
20
18
μg/m3 PM2.5
16
2030 Commission proposal
-5
20
18
16
Households
14
12
Primary PM: Traffic
10
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
8
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
Primary PM: Industry
4
Origin
12
10
8
6
2
WHO guideline value
0
14
4
Natural
2
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Belgium
Average of 4 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
20
18
μg/m3 PM2.5
16
2030 Commission proposal
-5
20
18
16
Households
14
12
Primary PM: Traffic
10
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
8
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
Primary PM: Industry
4
Origin
12
10
8
6
2
WHO guideline value
0
14
4
Natural
2
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Bulgaria
Average of 14 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
35
μg/m3 PM2.5
30
2030 Commission proposal
-5
35
30
Households
25
Primary PM: Traffic
20
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
15
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
Natural
0
WHO guideline value
Origin
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
25
20
15
10
5
0
Origin et al., 2014)
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
Origin of PM2.5
25 in the Czech Republic
Average of 33 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
25
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
2030 Commission proposal
-5
25
20
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
15
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
10
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Estonia
Average of 3 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
10
9
μg/m3 PM2.5
8
2030 Commission proposal
-5
10
9
8
Households
7
6
Primary PM: Traffic
5
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
4
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
3
Primary PM: Industry
2
Origin
6
5
4
3
1
WHO guideline value
0
7
2
Natural
1
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Finland
Average of 2 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
10
9
μg/m3 PM2.5
8
2030 Commission proposal
-5
10
9
8
Households
7
6
Primary PM: Traffic
5
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
4
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
3
Primary PM: Industry
2
Origin
6
5
4
3
1
WHO guideline value
0
7
2
Natural
1
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25 PM2.5 in France
Average of 29 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
25
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
2030 Commission proposal
-5
25
20
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
15
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
10
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of 25PM2.5 in Germany
Average of 79 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
20
18
μg/m3 PM2.5
16
2030 Commission proposal
-5
20
18
16
Households
14
12
Primary PM: Traffic
10
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
8
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
Primary PM: Industry
4
Origin
12
10
8
6
2
WHO guideline value
0
14
4
Natural
2
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Greece
Average of 3 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
35
μg/m3 PM2.5
30
2030 Commission proposal
-5
35
30
Households
25
Primary PM: Traffic
20
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
15
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
10
Primary PM: Industry
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
25
20
15
10
5
Natural
5
0
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter et al., 2014)
Origin of 25PM2.5 in Hungary
Average of 6 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
25
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
2030 Commission proposal
-5
25
20
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
15
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
10
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Ireland
Average of 2 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
12
μg/m3 PM2.5
10
2030 Commission proposal
-5
12
10
Households
8
Primary PM: Traffic
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
6
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
4
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
8
6
4
Primary PM: Industry
2
2
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of
25 PM2.5 in Italy
Average of 70 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
25
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
2030 Commission proposal
-5
25
20
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
15
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
10
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of 25PM2.5 in Lithuania
Average of 5 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Origin
16
14
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
12
10
8
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
Primary PM: Industry
4
Natural
2
WHO guideline value
0
Insufficient data from street stations available
μg/m3 PM2.5
14
2030 Commission proposal
-5
μg/m3 PM2.5
Insufficient data from street stations available
16
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of PM2.5
in the Netherlands
25
Average of 5 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
18
16
μg/m3 PM2.5
14
2030 Commission proposal
-5
18
16
14
Households
12
Primary PM: Traffic
10
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
8
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
Primary PM: Industry
4
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
12
10
8
6
4
2
Natural
2
0
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25 PM2.5 in Poland
Average of 142 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
30
μg/m3 PM2.5
25
2030 Commission proposal
-5
30
25
Households
20
Primary PM: Traffic
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
15
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
10
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
20
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter et al., 2014)
Origin of 25PM2.5 in Portugal
Average of 15 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
16
μg/m3 PM2.5
14
2030 Commission proposal
-5
16
14
12
Households
10
Primary PM: Traffic
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
12
10
8
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
6
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
4
Primary PM: Industry
4
2
Natural
2
WHO guideline value
0
0
Origin
8
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of 25PM2.5 in Romania
Average of 2 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
15
10
5
0
Origin
25
20
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
15
10
Primary PM: Industry
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
Insufficient data from street stations available
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
2030 Commission proposal
-5
μg/m3 PM2.5
Insufficient data from street stations available
25
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
0
Origin et al., 2014)
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
Origin of25PM2.5 in Slovakia
Average of 17 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
25
25
Households
Primary PM: Traffic
15
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
10
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
Primary PM: Industry
5
μg/m3 PM2.5
20
20
μg/m3 PM2.5
2030 Commission proposal
-5
15
10
5
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter et al., 2014)
Origin of
25 PM2.5 in Spain
Average of 30 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
16
μg/m3 PM2.5
14
2030 Commission proposal
-5
16
14
12
Households
10
Primary PM: Traffic
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
12
10
8
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
6
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
4
Primary PM: Industry
4
2
Natural
2
0
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
8
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25PM2.5 in Sweden
Average of 5 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
12
μg/m3 PM2.5
10
2030 Commission proposal
-5
12
10
Households
8
Primary PM: Traffic
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
6
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
4
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
8
6
4
Primary PM: Industry
2
2
Natural
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
0
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)
Origin of25 PM2.5 in the UK
Average of 24 urban AIRBASE
stations modelled in GAINS
15
5
16
μg/m3 PM2.5
14
2030 Commission proposal
-5
16
14
12
Households
10
Primary PM: Traffic
μg/m3 PM2.5
μg/m3 PM2.5
2009
12
10
8
Sec. PM: Traffic + agri.
6
Sec. PM: Industry + agri
6
4
Primary PM: Industry
4
2
Natural
2
0
WHO guideline value
0
Origin
8
Origin
Source: IIASA GAINS (Kiesewetter
et al., 2014)