The Language of Medicine - Missouri Valley Schools

The Language Of
Medicine
th
8
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 15
The Musculoskeletal System
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives



Define terms relating to the structure and
function of bones, joints, and muscles.
Describe the process of bone formation and
growth.
Locate and name the major bones of the
body.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)


Analyze the combining forms, prefixes, and
suffixes used to describe bones, joints, and
muscles.
Explain various musculoskeletal disease
conditions and terms related to bone
fractures.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives (cont’d.)


Describe important laboratory tests and
clinical procedures related to the
musculoskeletal system, and recognize
relevant abbreviations.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper contexts, such
as medical reports and records.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 15
Lesson 15.1
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Musculoskeletal System: bones, muscles,
and joints of the body
Bones: structural support and protection of
internal organs
Muscles: internal and external movement
Joints: where bones come together/type
determined by need for flexibility
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Physicians Associated with
Musculoskeletal System




Orthopedist: MD, bones, bone disease
Rheumatologist: MD, joints
Osteopathic physician: DO, body able to
heal itself with proper nutrition and bone
alignment
Chiropractor: physical manipulation of the
spinal column to relieve pressures on nerves
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONE FORMATION
Ossification: replacement of cartilage with
bone
 Cells:

osteoblast: produce immature bony tissue that
replaces cartilage
 osteocyte: nourishes and maintains bone
 osteoclast: reabsorb or digest bone (remodels
bone)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONE FORMATION




Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to deposit
and tear down bone throughout life.
The skeleton is a source of calcium.
Proper formation of bone depends on
sources of calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin
D.
Calcium phosphate enzyme helps create
hard bone from these sources.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONE FORMATION



Reservoir for calcium storage
Calcium necessary for nerve transmittal to
muscle, including heart muscle and muscles
attached to bones
Calcium level maintained in blood by
parathyroid gland, which secretes a hormone
to release calcium from bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONE STRUCTURE





Long, short, flat, sesamoid (in shape)
Diaphysis: shaft
Epiphysis: end
Metaphysis: cone-like flared portion between
end and shaft
Epiphyseal line or plate: growth plate where
cartilage replaced by bone for bone growth
(in length)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Structure (cont’d.)
(A) Divisions of a
long bone and
interior
structure
(B) composition
of compact
(cortical) bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Structure (cont’d.)
(A) Divisions of a
long bone and
interior
structure
(B) composition
of compact
(cortical) bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Structure (cont’d.)



Ends of bones covered by articular cartilage
in the joint: cushions joint and allows it to
move smoothly
Compact bone: contains haversian systems
for blood vessels, nerves, and yellow bone
marrow (mostly fat)
Cancellous (spongy/trabecular bone):
spaces contain red bone marrow with
elements for blood formation
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Marrow



Yellow marrow: chiefly fat
Red marrow: rich with blood vessels and
immature and mature blood cells in various
stages of development; in later life replaced
with yellow marrow
Ribs, pelvic bone, sternum, vertebrae,
epiphyses of long bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Processes and
Depressions

Processes: serve as attachments for
muscles and tendons

Depressions: openings or hollow regions
help join bones or serve as passageways for
nerves and/or vessels
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Processes and
Depressions
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bone Processes and
Depressions
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cranial Bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cranial Bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Cranial Bones and
Associated Structures



Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone




Occipital bone


foramen magnum
Sphenoid bone


temporomandibular (TMJ) joint
mastoid process
styloid process
sella turcica
Ethmoid bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Facial Bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Facial Bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Facial Bones (cont’d.)



Nasal bones
Lacrimal bones
Maxillary bones



Mandibular bones
Zygomatic bones
Vomer
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
SINUSES
Air cavities located
in facial and cranial
bones. They
lighten the skull
and warm and
moisten the air as
it passes into the
respiratory system.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Vertebral Column and Vertebrae
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Vertebral Column and
Vertebrae (cont’d.)



Vertebrae: 26 bone segments from base of
skull to tailbone in five divisions and
separated by pads of cartilage called
intervertebral disks.
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Coccyx: tailbone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
BONES
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Thorax, Pelvis and Extremities
(cont’d.)
Thorax
Arm and Hand
 clavicle
 humerus
Pelvis
 pelvic girdle
 scapula
 ulna
 ilium
 sternum
 radius
 ischium
 ribs
 carpals
 pubis
 metacarpals
 phalanges
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones of Leg and Foot
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bones of Leg and Foot and
Associated Structures

Femur



acetabulum
Tarsals


Patella
Tibia




medial malleolus

calcaneus
talus
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Fibula


lateral malleolus
talus
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
1. The knuckle-like process at the
end of a bone near the joint…
A. fossa
B. condyle
C. tubercle
D. diaphysis
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Process of bone
formation____________
A. olecranon
B. ossification
C. osteoblast
D. xiphoid process
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






Meaning
calc/o
calci/o
kyph/o
lamin/o
lord/o
lumb/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






calc/o
calci/o
kyph/o
lamin/o
lord/o
lumb/o
Meaning
calcium
calcium
posterior curvature in
thoracic region
lamina
curve
loins, lower back
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






Meaning
myel/o
orth/o
oste/o
scoli/o
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






myel/o
orth/o
oste/o
scoli/o
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
Meaning
bone marrow
straight
bone
crooked
vertebra
vertebra
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
SUFFIXES
Suffix







Meaning
-blast
-clast
-listhesis
-malacia
-physis
-porosis
-tome
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
GENERAL TERMS
SUFFIXES
Suffix







Meaning
-blast
-clast
-listhesis
-malacia
-physis
-porosis
-tome
embryonic cell
to break
slipping
softening
to grow
pore, passage
instrument to cut
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






Meaning
acetabul/o
calcane/o
carp/o
clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






acetabul/o
calcane/o
carp/o
clavicul/o
cost/o
crani/o
Meaning
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcaneus (heal)
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicle (collar bone)
ribs
cranium (skull)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






Meaning
femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
malleol/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form






femor/o
fibul/o
humer/o
ili/o
ischi/o
malleol/o
Meaning
femur (thigh bones)
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humerus (upper arm bone)
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischium (part of pelvic bone)
malleolus
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







Meaning
mandibul/o
maxill/o
metacarp/o
metatars/o
olecran/o
patell/o
pelv/i
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form







mandibul/o
maxill/o
metacarp/o
metatars/o
olecran/o
patell/o
pelv/i
Meaning
mandible (lower jaw bone)
maxilla (upper jaw bone)
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecranon (elbow)
patella (kneecap)
pelvis
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form





Meaning
perone/o
phalang/o
pub/o
radi/o
scapul/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form





perone/o
phalang/o
pub/o
radi/o
scapul/o
Meaning
fibula
phalanges (finger, toe bones)
pubis
radius
scapula (shoulder blade)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




Meaning
stern/o
tars/o
tibi/o
uln/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
TERMS RELATED TO SPECIFIC BONES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




stern/o
tars/o
tibi/o
uln/o
Meaning
sternum (breastbone)
tarsals
tibia (shin bone)
ulna (lower arm bone)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS

Ewing sarcoma: malignant bone tumor
This x-ray shows a malignant bone tumor
(Ewing's sarcoma) of the upper arm bone
(humerus). This type of tumor usually occurs
during childhood and adolescence.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Osteogenic Sarcoma:
malignant tumor arising from
bone
This x-ray shows a malignant bone tumor (osteogenic
sarcoma) of the knee. This type of tumor is usually
seen in adolescents (around 15 years old). This tumor
extends from the bone into the surrounding tissue
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
osteomyelitis: inflammation
secondary to infection
osteomalacia: softening of bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Exostosis: bony growth on
surface of bone
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Talipes: congenital abnormality of hind foot
involving the talus (clubfoot)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Fractures of Bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions
Normal Bone
Bone with osteoporosis
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Intraosseous Infusion – insertion of a
needle into the bone marrow to gain
intravenous access
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 15
Lesson 15.2
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints

Joint (articulation): coming together of two
or more bones


Suture joints: immovable (skull)
Synovial joints: freely movable (ball and socket
types, e.g. hip or shoulder), (hinge type, e.g.,
elbow, knee, ankle)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Synovial Joints




Joint capsule surrounds bone
Ligaments band bones together
Bones covered by articular cartilage
Synovial membrane lies under capsule and
lines synovial cavity; filled with synovial fluid
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Bursae


Closed sacks of synovial fluid with a synovial
membrane located near, but not within a joint.
Needed where sliding must take place
Common sites:



between tendons (connective tissue connecting muscle to
bone) and bones
between ligaments (binding bone to bone) and bone
between skin and bones (with prominent bony anatomy)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Joints
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
3. Connective tissue that binds
muscles to bones____________
A. ligament
B. articulation
C. synovial membrane
D. tendon
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

ankyl/o

arthr/o

articul/o

burs/o

chondr/o
Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

ankyl/o
stiff

arthr/o
joint

articul/o
joint

burs/o
bursa

chondr/o
cartilage
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form

ligament/o

rheumat/o

synov/o

ten/o

tendin/o
Meaning
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning

ligament/o
ligament

rheumat/o
watery flow

synov/o
synovial membrane

ten/o
tendon

tendin/o
tendon
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
Suffix


Meaning
-desis
-stenosis
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS
AND SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
Suffix


Meaning
-desis
-stenosis
to bind, tie together
narrowing
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions

Arthritis: inflammation of joints

Ankylosing spondylitis: chronic progressive
stiffening of joints, mostly spine
 Gouty arthritis: inflammation due to excessive
uric acid in body
 Osteoarthritis (OA): loss of articular cartilage and
formation of bone spurs at articular surfaces
 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune reaction
against joint tissues (synovial membrane)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Osteoarthritis and
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease of the joint cartilage and bone, often
thought to result from "wear and tear" on a joint, although there are other
causes such as congenital defects, trauma and metabolic disorders. Joints
appear larger, are stiff and painful and usually feel worse the more they are
used throughout the day.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions


Bunion: swelling of medial aspect of joint
between big toe and first metatarsal bone
Dislocation: displacement of bone from a
joint
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Carpal tunnel syndrome:
compression of median nerve as it
passes between ligament and bones
and tendons of the wrist.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathological Joint Conditions
(cont’d.)
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions

Ganglion: a fluid-filled cyst arising from the
joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.

Herniation of an intervertebral disk:
abnormal protrusion of the disk into the neural
canal or against spinal nerves.

Lyme disease: recurrent arthritis, myalgia,
malaise and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)

Sprain: trauma to joint with pain, swelling and
injury to ligaments
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Muscle strain – overstretching of a muscle
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE): chronic
inflammatory disease involving
joints, skin, kidneys, nervous
system, heart and lungs affecting
collagen in tendons, ligaments,
bones, and cartilage all over the
body
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 15
Lesson 15.3
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Muscles




Three types of muscles: striated, smooth, cardiac
Striated: under voluntary control—they move all the
bones as well as face and eyes
Smooth: control is involuntary—they move internal
organs (digestive tract, blood vessels, ducts of
glands)
Cardiac: not consciously controlled and found
exclusively in the heart
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Muscle
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Types of Muscle
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Named Skeletal Muscles
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Named Skeletal Muscles
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Actions of Muscles




flexion
extension
abduction
adduction





rotation
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
supination
pronation
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Actions of Muscles (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Movement AWAY from the midline
of the body____________
A. adduction
B. abduction
C. flexion
D. dorsiflexion
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




Meaning
fasci/o
fibr/o
leiomy/o
my/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




fasci/o
fibr/o
leiomy/o
my/o
Meaning
facia
fibrous
smooth muscle
muscle
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




Meaning
myocardi/o
myos/o
plant/o
rhabdomy/o
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form




myocardi/o
myos/o
plant/o
rhabdomy/o
Meaning
heart muscle
muscle
sole of the foot
skeletal muscle
connected to bones
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
SUFFIXES
Suffix


Meaning
-asthenia
-trophy
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
SUFFIXES
Suffix


Meaning
-asthenia
-trophy
lack of strength
development,
nourishment
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
PREFIXES
Prefixe




Meaning
abaddorsipoly-
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES,
AND PREFIXES
PREFIXES
Prefixe




abaddorsipoly-
Meaning
away from
toward
back
many, much
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Pathologic Conditions

Muscular dystrophy: group of inherited
diseases with progressive muscle weakness
and degeneration without nervous system
involvement

Polymyositis: chronic inflammatory
myopathy; may be an autoimmune disorder
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Laboratory Tests Related to
Muscle






Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Rheumatoid factor test (RF)
Serum calcium (Ca)
Serum creatine kinase (CK)
Uric acid test
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Clinical Procedures Related to
Bones, Joints, and Muscle







Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroplasty
Arthroscopy
Bone density test
Bone scan
Computed tomography
(CT)




Diskography
Electromyography
(EMG)
Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Muscle biopsy
Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.