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Chapter 1
The Human Organism
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1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy: scientific discipline that
investigates the body’s structure
• Physiology: scientific investigation of the
processes or functions of living things
1-3
Topics of Anatomy
• Gross or macroscopic: structures examined
without a microscope
– Regional: studied area by area
– Systemic: studied system by system
– Surface: external form and relation to deeper
structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic: structures seen with the microscope
– Cytology: cellular anatomy
– Histology: study of tissues
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Topics of Physiology
• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Considers operations of specific organ
systems
– Cell physiology: examines processes in cells
– Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous
system
– Cardiovascular: the heart and blood vessels
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Subjects That Encompass Both
Anatomy and Physiology
• Pathology: structural and functional
changes caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology: changes in structure
and function caused by exercise
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1.2 Structural and Functional Organizations
• Chemical Level: interaction
of atoms
• Cell Level: structural and
functional unit of living
organisms
• Tissue Level: group of
similar cells and the materials
surrounding them
• Organ Level: one or more
tissues functioning together
• Organ System Level: group
of organs functioning
together
• Organism Level: any living
thing.
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Organs of the Body
1-8
Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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1.3 Characteristics of Life
1. Organization: condition in which there are specific
relationships and functions
2. Metabolism: all chemical reactions of the body
3. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes and adjust
4. Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells
5. Development: changes in an organism over time
Differentiation: change from general to specific
Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
6. Reproduction: new cells or new organisms
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1.4 Biomedical Research
• Shared characteristics between living things
drive research
– Single-celled bacteria = cell
– Mammalian research furthers human surgery
and medicine
• Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering
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1.5 Homeostasis
• Values of variables fluctuate
around the set point to establish a normal range of values.
• Set point: the ideal normal value of a variable.
• What is the set point for body temperature?
1-15
Feedback Systems
• Two types: negative and positive
• Components
– Receptor: monitors the value of some variable
– Control center: establishes the set point
– Effector: can change the value of the variable
• Stimulus: deviation from the set point;
detected by the receptor
• Response: produced by the effector
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Negative Feedback
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Example of Negative Feedback
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Changes in B.P. During Exercise
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Positive Feedback
• When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation
greater
– Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and
can result in death
– Example of normal positive feedback: childbirth
– Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure
drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases
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1.6 Terminology and Body Plan
• Anatomical Position
– Body erect, face forward, feet
together, palms face forward
• Other Body Positions
– Supine: lying face upward
– Prone: lying face downward
• Directional Terms
– Superior (Cephalic) vs.
Inferior (Caudal) toward or
away from the head
– Medial vs. Lateral relative to
the midline
– Proximal vs. Distal used to
describe linear structures
– Superficial vs. Deep relative to
the surface of the body
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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)
• Directional Terms
(cont.)
– Anterior (Ventral) vs.
Posterior (Dorsal).
Anterior is forward;
posterior is toward the
back.
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1-24
Body Parts and Regions
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Body Parts and Regions
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Planes
• Median (through the
midline) and Sagittal (same
plane, but to the left or right
of median
• Frontal or Coronal divides
body into anterior and
posterior sections
• Transverse / Cross divides
body into superior and
inferior sections
• Oblique: Other than at a
right angle
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Planes Through an Organ
• Longitudinal: cut
along the length of an
organ
• Transverse/Cross: cut
at right angle to length
of the organ
• Oblique: cut at any but
a right angle
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Body Cavities
• Diaphragm: divides body cavity into thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities.
• Mediastinum: contains all structures of the thoracic
cavity except the lungs
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Serous Membranes
•
•
•
•
•
Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity
Fist represents an organ
Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane
Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane
Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous
fluid that is produced by the membranes
• Inflammation of the serous membranes
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Serous Membranes: Named for
Their Specific Cavities and Organs
– Pericardium refers to heart.
– Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
– Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity
1-32
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
Imaging Techniques
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radiography
Ultrasound (US)
Computed Tomography (CT)
Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)
Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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•Radiography (X-ray): Shadowy negative of
internal body structures
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•Ultrasound (US): computer-analyzed sound waves
bounced off a structure in the body.
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• Computed
Tomography (CT
Scan): computeranalyzed composite of
radiograph; shows slices
of body.
• Dynamic Spatial
Reconstruction (DSR):
3-D version of CT using
multiple slices.
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•Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA):
comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel
studies.
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•Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): uses magnetism
and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in
soft tissues.
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•Positron Emission Tomography (PET): uses
radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity
of cells.
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