Chapter 2
Body Structure, Color, and
Oncology
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-2
Objectives




Identify anatomic structures of the human
body.
Define and spell word parts related to body
structure, color, and oncology.
Define, pronounce, and spell disease and
disorder oncology terms.
Define, pronounce, and spell body structure
terms
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-3
Organization of the Human Body




cell: basic unit of all life
tissue: similar cells that perform a specific
task
organ: two or more kinds of tissue that
together perform special body functions
system: a group of organs that work together
to perform complex body functions
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-4
Body Cells

The human body is composed of trillions of
cells of various sizes and shapes.



cell membrane: boundary of a cell
cytoplasm: substance outside nucleus of a cell
nucleus: central structure containing
chromosomes
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-5
Body Cells (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-6
Types of Tissues




muscle tissue: produces movement
nervous tissue: conducts impulses to and
from the brain
connective tissue: connects, supports,
penetrates, and encases various body
structures
epithelial tissue: found in the skin and lining
of the blood vessels
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-7
Organization of the Human Body



chromosomes: 46 in human cells except for
mature sex cell, which has 23
genes: regions within the chromosome
(determine hereditary characteristics)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): each gene is
composed of DNA, a chemical that regulates
the activities of the cell
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-8
Body Cavities





cranial cavity: brain
spinal cavity: spinal cord
thoracic cavity: heart, lungs, esophagus,
trachea, bronchi
abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines,
kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen,
ureters
pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, certain
reproductive organs, part of large intestine,
rectum
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-9
Body Cavities (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-10
Combining Forms of Body
Structure







aden/o – Gland
cyt/o - cell
epitheli/o - epithelium
fibr/o - fiber
hist/o - tissue
kary/o - nucleus
lip/o - fat
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-11






my/o - Muscle
neur/o - Nerve
organ/o - organ
sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue
system/o - system
viscer/o - internal organs
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-12
Organization of the
Human Body (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-13
Types of Tissues (cont’d.)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-14
Combining Forms Commonly Used
with Body Structure Terms









cancer/o, carcin/o – cancer, unregulated,
abnormal cell growth
eti/o - cause
gno/o - knowledge
iatr/o – physican, medicine, treatment
lei/o - smooth
onc/o – tumor, mass
path/o - disease
rhabd/o – rod shaped, striated
somat/o - body
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-15
Combining Forms for Colors







chlor/o - green
chrom/o - color
cyan/o - blue
erythr/o - red
leuk/o - white
melan/o - black
xanth/o - yellow
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-16
Prefixes







dia- through, complete
dys- painful, abnormal, difficult, labored
hyper- above, excessive
hypo- below, imcomplete, deficient
meta- after, beyond, change
neo – new
pro- before
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-17
Suffixes








-al, -ic, -ous – pertaining to
-cyte - cell
-gen – substance or agent that produces or
causes
-genesis – origin, cause
-genic – producing, originating, causing
-logist – one who studies and treats
-logy – study of
-oid - resembling
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-18








-oma – tumor, swelling
-osis – abnormal condition
-pathy - disease
-plasia – condition of formation, development,
growth
-plasm – growth, substance, formation
-sarcoma – malignant tumor
-sis – state of
-stasis – control, stop, standing
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-19
Compare and Contrast
Word Root
 cyt/o
 path/o
 sarc/o
Suffix – made of the root word
 -cyte
 -pathy
 -sarcoma
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-20
Suffixes Containing “gen”



-gen: substance that produces or causes
Example: carcin/o/gen: substance that
causes cancer
-genic: producing, originating, causing
Example: cyt/o/genic: producing cells
-genesis: origin, cause
Example: onc/o/genesis: cause of tumors
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-21
Clicker Question
Which of the following is a suffix that means
disease?
cyt/o
b) -pathy
c) path/o
d) -cyte
a)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-22
Oncology Terms Built
from Word Parts










Adenocarcinoma – cancerous tumor of glandular tissue
Adenoma – tumor composed of glandular tissue (benign)
carcinoma – cancerous tumor (malignant)
chloroma – tumor of green color (malignant, from myloid tissue)
Epithelioma – tumor composed of epithelium (benign or malig.)
Fibroma – tumor composed of fibrous tissue (benign)
Fibrosarcoma – malignant tumor of fibrous tissue
Leiomyoma – tumor composed of smooth muscle (benign)
Leiomyosarcoma – malignant tumor of smooth muscle
Lipoma – tumor composed of fat (benign)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-23








Liposarcoma – malignant tumor of fat
Melanocarcinoma – cancerous black tumor
Melanoma – black tumor (usually skin)
Myoma – tumor composed of muscle (benign)
Neoplasm – new growth (abnormal or tumor)
Neuroma – tumor composed of nerve (benign)
Rhabdomyosarcoma – malignant tumor of striated
muscle
Sarcoma – tumor of connective tissue (bone or
cartillage) highly malignant
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-24
Analyzing Terms that Appear to Be
Built from a Prefix and Suffix

“Neoplasm” is built from what looks like a
prefix and a suffix: the word root is embedded
in the suffix. S(WR) is used in the “Building
Medical Terms” exercises to indicate this.
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-25
Pronunciation Guide

The following is a simple guide to use for
practicing pronunciation of the medical terms.



The pronunciations are only approximate;
however, they are adequate to meet the needs of
the beginning student.
In respelling for pronunciation, words are
minimally distorted to indicate phonetic
sound.
Example: doctor (dok-tor), gastric (gas-trik)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-26
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)

The macron (-) is used to indicate the long
vowel sounds.
- Example: donate (do-nate)
hepatoma (hep-a-to-ma)
a
as in ate, say
e
as in eat, beet, see
i
as in i, mine, sky
o
as in oats, so
u
as in unit, mute
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-27
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)

Vowels with no markings have the short
sound.
Example: discuss (dis-kus)
medical (med-i-kal)
a as in at, lad
e as in edge, bet
i as in itch, wish
o as in ox, top
u as in sun, come
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-28
Pronunciation Guide (cont’d.)

An accent mark is the stress on a certain
syllable. The primary accent is indicated by
capital letters, and the secondary accent
(which is stressed, but not as strongly as the
primary accent) is indicated by italics.
Example: altogether (all-tu-GETH-er)
pancreatitis (pan-kre-a-Tl-tis)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-29
Clicker Question
Which of the following is analyzed correctly?
wr cv
a)
wr
s
melan/o/carcin/oma
cf
wr
b)
wr
s
melano/carcin/oma
cf
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-30
Body Structure Terms
Built from Word Parts











Cytogenic – producing cells
Cytoid – resembling cells
Cytology – study of cells
Cytoplasm – cell substance
Dysplasia – abnormal development
Epithelial – pertaining to the epithelium
Erythrocyte – red blood cell
Erythrocytosis – increase in the number of RBC
Histology – study of tissue
Hyperplasia – excessive development (# of cells)
Hypoplasia – incomplete developoment (of an organ
or tissues)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-31
Body Structure Terms
Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)










Karyocyte – cell with a nucleus
Karyoplasm – substance of a nucleus
Leukocyte – white blood cells
Leukocytosis – increase in the number of WBC
Lipoid – resembling fat
Myopathy – disease of the muscle
Neuroid – resembling a nerve
Somatic - pertaining to the body
Systemic – pertaining to a body system
Visceral – pertaining to the internal organs
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-32
Blood Cells
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-33
Clicker Question
Which of the following means
red blood cell?
karyocyte
b) leukocyte
c) erythrocyte
d) cytoplasm
a)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-34
Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Objectives




Define, pronounce and spell complementary
terms related to body structure, color, and
oncology.
Identify and use in singular and plural
endings
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related
to body structure, color, and oncology.
Interpret, read, and comprehend medical
language in simulated medical statements
and documents.
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-36
Complementary Terms Built
from Word Parts








Cancerous – pertaining to cancer
Carcinogen – substance that causes cancer
Carcinogenic – producing cancer
Cyanosis – abnormal condition of blue discoloration
of the skin caused by inadequate supply of oxygen in
the blood
Diagnosis – state of complete knowledge
Etiology – study of causes of diseases
Iatrogenic – produced by a physician (unexpected
results)
Metastasis – beyond control (transfer of a disease
from one organ to another)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-37









Neopathy – new disease
Oncologist – physician who studies and treats tumors
Oncology – study of tumors (malignant)
Pathogenic – producing disease
Pathologist – physician who studies diseases
(determines cause of death; autopsy)
Pathology – study of disease (cause of disease and
death)
Prognosis – state of before knowledge (prediction of
the outcome of a disease)
Xanthochromic – pertaining to yellow color
Xanthosis – abnormal condition of yellow
(discoloration)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-38
Complementary Terms
Not Built from Word Parts











Benign – not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery
carcinoma in situ – cancer in the early stage before invading
surrounding tissue
chemotherapy (chemo) – treatment of cancer with drugs
Exacerbation – increase in the severity of a disease or its
symptoms
Idiopathic – pertaining to disease of unknown origin
inflammation – response to injury or destruction of tissue
characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain
in vitro – within a glass, observable within a test tube
in vivo – within the living body
Malignant – tending to become progressively worse and to
cause death, as in cancer
radiation therapy – treatment of cancer with a radioactive
substnace, x-ray, or radiation
Remission – improvement or absence of signs of disease
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-39
Clicker Question
Which of the following terms is built from word
parts and can be literally translated to find its
meaning?
in vitro
b) cancer in situ
c) adenocarcinoma
d) benign
a)
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-40
Table 2-2 Common Plural Endings
Singular Endings Plurals Formation Singular Form
-a
-ae
vertebra
-ax
-aces
thorax
-is
-es
testis
-ix
-ices
appendix
-ma
-mata
carcinoma
-on
-a
ganglion
-sis
-ses
metastasis
-um
-a
ovum
-us
-i
fungus
-nx
-nges
larynx
-y
-ies
biopsy
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Plural Form
vertebrae
thoraces
testes
appendices
carcinomata
ganglia
metastases
ova
fungi
larynges
biopsies
2-41
Abbreviations








Ca - carcinoma
Chemo - chemotherapy
Dx - diagnosis
Mets - metastasis
Px - prognosis
RBC – red blood cells
XRT – radiation therapy
WBC – white blood cells
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-42
Read Medical Terms
A 54-year-old woman presented to the office with a 3week history of bloody diarrhea. She had been
diagnosed with ulcerative colitis at age 25 years. She
was referred for a colonoscopy. The examination
revealed a suspicious lesion in the transverse colon. A
biopsy was performed and a cytology specimen was
obtained. The pathologist made a diagnosis of
carcinoma of the colon. Advanced dysplasia and
inflammation existed in the specimen. The patient
underwent surgery and was found to have no evidence
of metastasis. Her entire colon was removed because
of a high risk for developing a malignant lesion in the
remaining colon. She made an uneventful recovery and
was referred to an oncologist for consideration of
chemotherapy. Her prognosis is generally positive.
Radiation therapy is not indicated in this case.
Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
2-43