“The Life Conops project:
Surveillance of invasive mosquitoes”
Surveillance of invasive
mosquitoes in the
Netherlands
Centre for Monitoring of Vectors
Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia
Ernst-Jan Scholte
Arjan Stroo
Marian Dik
Bologna, 10 March 2014
Overview presentation
• Historical surveillance vectors in the Netherlands
• Foundation National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors
• Aim, Organization, Resources and actors, Availability of
competences, Trainings, Collaborations
• Current surveillance of Vectors in the NL
• Current surveillance of Exotic/Invasive mosquitoes in NL
• Setup
• Results
Historical surveillance of mosquitoes in NL
+- 1900 National museum of natural history Leiden
1938 Malaria Vectors
Alterra - Wageningen University
Water administrations
2005-2006 Wageningen University Entomology
2009 Foundation Centre for Monitoring of Vectors
Foundation National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV)
Estimated losses due bluetongue
2006: 10-15 million euro
2007: 81 million euro
Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV-NVWA-MinEZ)
Founded in 2009, National knowledge centre for vectors
Mission:
Minimalize impact of vectors in veterinary and public health.
It does this by CMV collection, management, propagation and dissemination of knowledge and
information of indigenous and exotic vectors. This knowledge and data are used for policy advice,
risk communication, vector control, the development of plans and vector-borne disease-risk
analysis.
Activities:
•
Surveys/Monitoring vectors
•
Inspections
•
Identify introduction of invasive species
•
Diagnostics
•
Modelling (vector distribution maps)
•
Risk analysis
•
Advice / support policymakers
Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority
6
Department ‘National Reference Centre (NRC)’
Mariëtte Edema
Head
Team
Domain
Diagnostic
methods
Pests
- molecular diagnosis
- mycology
- entomology
- breeding facilities
- bacteriology
- nematology
- quality
- virology
- vectors (CMV)
- health & safety
7
Diseases
- invasive plants
CMV Resources:
NVWA offer
domain
product
mission
financing
- (3 FTE) Office & lab
Nature
- (5,58 FTE) TOTAAL
CMV
Public Health
& Economy
(50/50)
- (1,5 FTE) ‘implementation’
- (1,08 FTE)
Advice &
representation
Nature
Tiger
Public Health
Advice &
representation mosquito
Competences:
Actors (1):
Wietse den Hartog
Medical/General Entomology
Vector identification experience
Marian Dik
Entomological sampling methodology
Field work experience
GIS experience
Modelling vector distribution
Ecology .......
Facilities:
Office & Laboratory & Mosquito colonisation NRC
Trainings:
Adolfo Ibañez-Justicia
Arjan Stroo
Ernst-Jan Scholte
European mosquito species (Avia-GIS)
Invasive mosquito species training (Avia-GIS)
Modelling vector distribution (Climex, VecMap, EriskMapper)
Tick identification (NPPO)
EPPO diagnostic inspections
International Networks:
ECDC, VBORNET, EMCA, VECMAP, WHO, ......
National Networks: RIVM, CVI, WUR, UU, ......
9
Actors (2)
René v/d Berg
Piet Boersma
10
Gerard Prinsen
Jan Heesters
Jan Schamp
Aad Ruiter
Antoon Wever
Bennie Heerink
Lex Tervelde
Monica Tonkens
Surveillance programme CMV
•
•
•
Tick surveys
Mosquito surveys
Culicoides surveys
or
•
•
National Vector Surveys: Scope: to gain insight about which
indigenous vectors species occur in the Netherlands, when active,
and relative abundance
Exotic Vector Surveys: Scope: Early detection of the
introduction of exotic/invasive vector species in known risk
locations for introduction
NVS– mosquitoes
Scope:
•
To list distribution mosquito species in the Netherlands
•
Use data for making vector distribution models
Modelling
•
Input for disease-risk analysis RIVM and CVI
Why?
•
To gain insight about which indigenous mosquito
species occur in the Netherlands, when active, and
relative abundance
How?
• Random stratified sampling
40% agricultural
40% urban
20% nature
• Cross-sectional
Nr. locations 2013: 150
13
Soortsamenstelling
NVS-2012
NVS–
mosquitoes
2012
151 locations
Cx. territans
±7.000 mosquitoes
Cx. pipiens/torrentium
Cs. annulata
18 species
Cq. richardii
An. plumbeus
An. maculipennis s.l.
An. claviger
Ae. sticticus
Soortt
Ae. sp.
Ae. rusticus
Ae. punctor
Ae. leucomelas
100 locations
Ae.japonicus
Ae. geniculatus
Ae. flavescens
Ae. dorsalis
Ae. communis
Ae. cinereus/geminus
Ae. annulipes/cantans
1
14
10
100
1000
10000
107 locations
NVS– mosquitoes
re
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0
0
0
• 35 .
Results 2010-2012
d
Exotic Mosquito Surveys in the Netherlands
Surveillance at high risk entry points invasive mosquitoes
Lucky Bamboo
Rotterdam harbor
Schiphol airport
close to infested neighboring
areas (Belgium/Germany)
Ae. japonicus
finding
Highway
Used tires import
Lucky bamboo
•
2005: first finding exotic mosquito in NL: Aedes albopictus
International flower trade: lucky bamboo from Guangdong, China
Aedes albopictus & Lucky bamboo
Two-weekly inspections
2 traps indoors, continuously running
3 oviposition traps outdoors (during season)
2013:
6
2
5/6
Control strategy Lucky bamboo
Until 2011: Mosquito control in greenhouse after finding tiger mosquito
Since April 2011, AMvB Warenwet “Commodities Act” Dutch Legislation:
“Product specifications for Lucky bamboo import”
Highlights:
• First opening container in special safe and sealed room in greenhouse
• Obligatory use of adulticides after opening
• Obligatory use of larvicides (Bti or other adecuate) in greenhouse
• And Mosquito control in greenhouse after finding tiger mosquito
Problems: No registered larvicides in the Netherlands
Rotterdam harbor
Under surveillance since 2010
- Traps at 2 inspection locations (customs, NVWA)
- visual inspection of international ships/vessels
Results: so far, no exotic species found
Schiphol airport
airplane cabin visual inspection
upon arrival
Results 2010-2011:
Exotic mosquitoes were found in 10 out of the 38 inspected airplane cabins
(26.3%). (Scholte et al. 2014, in preparation)
Mosquito species
reported vector of
- Ae. mcintoshi (n=1)
RVFV, Wesselsbron virus, Middelburg virus
- Cx quinquefasciatus (n=9)
WNV, lymphatic filariasis, RVFV
- Cx antennatus (n=2)
RVFV, WNV
Survey 2013:
Close to infested neighboring areas (Belg./Germany)
Aedes koreicus
Aedes japonicus
Close to infested neighboring areas (Belg./Germany)
EMS-Zuid Limburg
Larval inspection cemeteries South Netherland
Larval inspection and oviposition traps in 3 cemeteries
So far, not found
EMS-Lelystad
Aedes japonicus finding in National Vector Survey 2012 in Lelystad
Sampling: end of Juli 2012
Reported: 25 Januari 2013
Proposal: Early spring 2013:
• Intensive surveillance finding location
• Evaluation mosquito control possibilities
24
EMS-Lelystad
Monitoring strategy (from May 2013):
Mosquito Magnet Traps:
X 12
Larval/adult samplings
EMS-Lelystad results
Results:
• Populations Ae. japonicus
in Lelystad.
• Unknown origin
introduction
• Mostly found in allotments
(communal gardens), but
also in cemetery and forests
Control strategy Aedes japonicus
Proposed advice to Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport:
• Not active mosquito control populations
• To consider participation of people (community participation) to reduce
mosquito population through good prepared targeted information for reducing
breeding sites. This could fit into a broader strategy of controlling mosquitoes in
the Netherlands.
Arguments
• Aedes japonicus is established in one Dutch municipality
• Mosquito control is disproportionate because of the damage to the environment
• There is currently no evidence that Ae. japonicus is a risk of transmission of infectious
diseases in the human population
• The local nuisance is probably limited
EMS-Highway
2010-2011
So far, no findings
Used tires import
Risk-based monitoring: frequency based on 5 parameters.
Frequency inspections 2013:
26 companies (from 36 evaluated)
2 x month (high risk) (n=15)
1 x season (low risk) (n=11)
Used tires import
Species 2013
Aedes albopictus
Results:
1131 samplings
31 samplings ‘positive’
8 positive locations
Used tires import - Summary
27
2013
Ae. albopictus
73
(07/10/2013) inside and outside
Control strategy - Used tire import
•
Intensive surveillance
Larval sampling 500m zone
Extra traps
•
•
•
Adulticiding
Larviciding
Removal breeding sites
Used tires import – 2014 news
• In 2013 agreement Ministry Public Health – Used tires companies
Indoors Risk tires (coming from infected regions)
More indoor facilities
Improvement tracing&tracking imported tires
• Use traps also in low risk companies (to consider)
In summary:
Exotic mosquitoes found in NL
Aedes albopictus
Asian tiger mosquito
Ae. atropalpus
American rockpool mosquito
Ae. japonicus
Asian bush mosquito
Ae. aegypti
Yellow fever
Ae. mcintoshi
no english name
Cx. quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cx. antennatus
no english name
34
invasive (for NL)
exotic
In summary:
Exotic mosquitoes found in NL
Aedes albopictus
Asian tiger mosquito
Ae. aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Ae. atropalpus
American rockpool mosquito
Ae. japonicus
Asian bush mosquito
Ae. mcintoshi
no english name
Cx. quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cx. antennatus
no english name
35
Thank you for your attention
MSc. Adolfo Ibáñez-Justicia
a.ibanezjusticia@minlnv.nl