Biology
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
How do environmental changes affect
animal behavior?
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral Cycles
Many animals respond to periodic
changes in the environment with daily or
seasonal cycles of behavior.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Several species of reptiles and mammals are active
during warm seasons but enter into dormancy during
cold seasons.
Dormancy allows an animal to survive periods when
food and other resources may not be available.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
One type of behavior that is influenced by changing
seasons is migration, the periodic movement from
one place to another and then back again.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Between December and June, green sea turtles
migrate from feeding grounds along the coast of
Brazil to mate and nest on Ascension Island.
This migration allows the sea turtles to take
advantage of favorable environmental conditions.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Migratory Patterns of Sea Turtles
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Behavioral Cycles
Behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns are
called circadian rhythms.
Sleeping at night and being awake during the day is
an example of a circadian rhythm.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
How does courtship increase an animal's
evolutionary fitness?
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
Courtship
To pass along its genes to the next
generation, any animal that reproduces
sexually needs to mate with another
member of its species at least once.
Courtship behavior is part of an overall
reproductive strategy that helps many
animals identify healthy mates.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli—such
as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals—in order to
attract a member of the opposite sex.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Courtship
In some species, courtship involves a series of
behaviors called rituals.
A ritual is a series of behaviors that is performed the
same way by all members of a population for the
purpose of communicating.
Most rituals consist of specific signals and individual
responses that continue until mating occurs.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
How do social behaviors increase an
animal's evolutionary fitness?
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Social Behavior
When animals interact with members of their own
species, they are exhibiting social behavior.
Many animals form societies, or groups of related
animals of the same species that interact closely
and cooperate.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Membership in a society offers great survival
advantages.
Zebras and other grazers band together when
grazing. As a group, they are safer from predators.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Animal societies also use strength in numbers to:
• improve their ability to hunt.
• protect their territory.
• guard their young.
• fight with rivals.
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Social Behavior
Members of a society are often closely related to
one another. Related individuals share a large
proportion of each other's genes.
Therefore, helping a relative survive increases
the chance that the genes an individual shares
with that relative will be passed along to
offspring.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Social Behavior
Primates form some of the most complex societies
known.
Macaque, baboon, and other primate societies hunt
together, travel in search of new territory, and interact
with neighboring societies.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Competition and Aggression
Competition and Aggression
Some animals have behaviors that prevent others
from using limited resources.
Often, such patterns involve a specific area, or
territory, that is occupied and protected by an
animal or group of animals.
Territories contain resources that are necessary for
an animal's survival and reproduction.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Competition and Aggression
By claiming a territory, an animal keeps others at a
distance.
If a rival enters a territory, the “owner” may attack the
rival and drive it away.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Competition and Aggression
When two or more animals try to claim limited
resources, competition occurs.
Many animals use rituals and displays when they
compete.
Animals may show aggression, a threatening
behavior that one animal uses to gain control over
another.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
How do animals communicate?
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Communication
When animal behavior involves more than one
individual, some form of communication is
involved.
Communication is the passing of information from
one organism to another.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or
chemical signals to communicate with one
another.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Visual Signals
Animals with good eyesight often use visual
signals involving movement and color.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Chemical Signals
Animals with well-developed senses of smell may
communicate with chemicals.
Some animals release pheromones to mark a
territory or to signal their readiness to mate.
Pheromones are chemical messengers that affect
the behavior of other individuals of the same
species.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Sound Signals
Animals with strong vocal abilities communicate
with sound.
Some animals that use sound have evolved
elaborate communication systems.
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34-2 Patterns of Behavior
Communication
Language
Language is a system of communication that
combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according
to sets of rules about word order and meaning.
Only humans are known to use language.
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34-2
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Continue to:
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34-2
Two examples of seasonal behavior are
a. aggression and dormancy.
b. migration and dormancy.
c. migration and communication.
d. migration and circadian rhythm.
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34-2
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of
living in an animal society?
a. protection from predators.
b. protection of young.
c. improved ability to hunt.
d. elimination of competition.
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34-2
An animal that communicates by changing color
probably has
a. good hearing.
b. a complex courtship ritual.
c. good eyesight.
d. language.
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34-2
Many animals establish territories, which
function as
a. spaces where no other member of the
species may enter.
b. a defended area containing the resources
necessary for survival.
c. areas where members of all other animal
species are kept out.
d. areas where all members of a species may
hunt for food.
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A pheromone is a chemical substance
a. made in the brain to trigger a specific
behavior.
b. made by one species to communicate with
animals of another species.
c. made by one animal and used to
communicate with another animal of the
same species.
d. used only to initiate reproductive behavior in
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animals.
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