Species delimitation in recent New
Zealand species radiations
Heidi M. Meudt
Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
Wellington, New Zealand
http://nzprn.otago.ac.nz/wiki/bin/view/NZPRN/WebHome
The importance of New Zealand for
understanding the phenomenon
of species radiation
Ilse Breitwieser, Allan Herbarium,
Landcare Research, New Zealand
Josephine Ward, School of Biological Sciences,
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Indigenous Species Numbers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Green algae: ~1306
Red algae: 488
Diatoms: 710 (+ ? marine)
Brown algae: 153
Cyanobacteria: 336 (+ ? marine)
Lichens: 1707 (388 endemic – 23%)
Hepatics: 607 (314 endemic – 52%)
Mosses: 483 (115 endemic – 24%)
Lycophytes and ferns: 196 (90 endemic – 46%)
Seed plants: 1936 (1591 endemic – 82%)
Raoulia alliance
Anaphalioides
Leucogenes
Rachelia
Ewartia
Raoulia
Helichrysum
Raoulia alliance: ecological diversity
Character expressions in
undescribed species “M”
1
2
3
4 5 6
7 8
9 10
Undescribed species “M”
Argyrotegium
Raoulia subg. Raoulia
Raoulia subg. Psychrophyton
Helichrysum depressum group
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Florets mainly female
Fruits papillose
Distinct prostrate and
uprights shoots
Pappus bases not interlocking
Pappus tip cells rounded
6.
7.
8.
Leaves with black pigment
Involucral bracts acute
Pappus hairs numerous,
in several series
9.
Florets few
10. Leaves very small
Raoulia alliance: ITS phylogeny
Ewartia planchonii
85
Pterygopappus lawrencei
Ewartia meredithiae
63
95
54
64
Leucogenes grandiceps
Raoulia monroi
Raoulia tenuicaulis
Raoulia sp. ‘M’
Helichrysum intermedium
Leucogenes leontopodium
Helichrysum filicaule
Raoulia rubra
Helichrysum lanceolatum
Anaphalioides mariae
Anaphalioides trinervis
Anaphalioides subrigida
Anaphalioides hookeri
Anaphalioides alpina
Anaphalioides bellidioides
Ozothamnus leptophyllus
Anaphalis triplinervis
92
63
79
100
63
Breitwieser et al., 1999
Ewartia sinclairii
Rachelia glaria
“NZ clade”:
Anaphalioides
Ewartia*
Helichrysum*
Leucogenes
Rachelia
Raoulia*
Anaphalis javanica
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum
outgroups
Craspedia
Small sequence variation within the NZ lineage
Neighbour network
from AFLP profiles of a wide
sample of NZ Craspedia
83
New Zealand
NZ
100
Craspedia
96
AUS 3
100
100
99
94
100
AUS 2
99
100
AUS 1
100
Helichrysum lanceolatum
Pynosorus globosus
Pynosorus chrysanthes
Stuartina muelleri
5 changes
ITS & ETS sequences (nuclear)
Brachyglottis
Brachyglottis repanda
Brachyglottis saxifragoides
Brachyglottis cassinioides
Brachyglottis cassinioides
Brachyglottis
alliance
ITS
98
58
85
100
91
96
92
100
100
94
53
65
51
69
100
43
92
59
95
85
46
81
29
Brachyglottis bellidioides
Brachyglottis haastii
Brachyglottis southlandica
Brachyglottis compacta
Brachyglottis greyi
Bedfordia linearis
Bedfordia salicina
Brachyglottis brunonis
Brachyglottis cassinioides
Brachyglottis huntii
Haastia recurva
Haastia sinclairii
Brachyglottis adamsii
Brachyglottis arborescens
Brachyglottis elaeagnifolia
Brachyglottis kirkii
Brachyglottis perdicioides
Brachyglottis repanda
Brachyglottis sciadophila
Dolichoglottis scorzoneroides
Haastia pulvinaris
Traversia baccharoides
Senecio dunedinensis
Senecio quadridentatus
Senecio glaucophyllus
Senecio rufiglandulosus
Senecio lautus
Senecio vulgaris
Senecio glomeratus
Senecio minimus
Senecio jacobaea
Petasites fragrans
Euchiton fordianus
Inula orientalis
Pachystegia insignis
Abrotanella muscosa
Cotula coronopifolia
Calendula officinalis
Dasyphyllum dicanthoides
5' trnK / matK
Brachyglottis bellidioides
Brachyglottis haastii
Brachyglottis southlandica
Brachyglottis compacta
Brachyglottis greyi
Bedfordia linearis
Bedfordia salicina
Brachyglottis brunonis
Brachyglottis cassinioides
Brachyglottis huntii
Haastia recurva
Haastia sinclairii
Brachyglottis adamsii
Brachyglottis arborescens
Brachyglottis elaeagnifolia
Brachyglottis kirkii
Brachyglottis perdicioides
Brachyglottis repanda
Brachyglottis sciadophila
Dolichoglottis scorzoneroides
Haastia pulvinaris
Traversia baccharoides
Senecio dunedinensis
Senecio quadridentatus
Senecio glaucophyllus
Senecio rufiglandulosus
Senecio minimus
Senecio vulgaris
Senecio glomeratus
Senecio lautus
Senecio jabcobaea
Petasites fragrans
Euchiton fordianus
Inula orientalis
Pachystegia insignis
Abrotanella muscosa
Cotula coronopifolia
Calendula officinalis
Dasyphyllum dicanthoides
62
88
73
100
63
62
86
55
Brachyglottis alliance:
Brachyglottis, Dolichoglottis, Traversia, Haastia, Bedfordia
Traversia baccharoides
Haastia pulvinaris
Brachyglottis cassinioides
Haastia sinclairii
Dolichoglottis lyallii
Myosotis
Winkworth et al. 2002
Mol.Phyl.Evol.
Myosotis
ITS, matK, psbA-trnA, ndhF
New Zeland
Eurasia
Ourisia
Ourisia
Meudt & Simpson. 2006. Biol. J. Linn. Soc.
Veronica
Veronica evenosa
Veronica tetragona
Veronica stricta
Veronica pulvinaris
Veronica tubata
Veronica lilliputiana
Veronica hulkeana
Veronica elliptica
Veronica cupressoides
Veronica hookeriana
Veronica tetragona
Veronica salicifolia
Veronica chionohebe
Veronica raoulii
Veronica venustula
Veronica speciosa
Slide courtesy of Phil Garnock-Jones
Albach & Meudt
(2010);
Evonne Low,
thesis
hebe clade
sun hebe clade
Veronica
speedwell hebe
clade
snow hebe clade
semiwhipcord
hebe clade
Ranunculus
R. sericophyllus
R. pachyrrhizus
Carlos Lehnebach 2008:
Phylogenetic affinities,
species delimitation and adaptive
radiation of New Zealand Ranunculus.
(PhD thesis)
Species radiation
Evolution from single found population
into array of morphologically and ecologically
diverse species
McGlone, M., Stevens, G. & McCulloch, B. Prehistoric New
Zealand. 1988 Heinemann Reed, Auckland.
New Zealand Plant Radiation Network
Species radiation:
• Significance of polyploidy
• Species delimitation
• Impact of hybridisation
• Adaptive radiations
• Drivers of plant diversification
Polyploidy
• Polyploidy common in New Zealand flora, e.g.,
Raoulia alliance, Veronica
• Polyploidy common in New Zealand plant
radiations
Three ploidy levels:
Leucogenes
L. grandiceps, L. leontopodium: diploid
L. neglecta: tetraploid
L. tarahaoa: octoploid
L. leontopodium
L. grandiceps
L. neglecta
insert map here
L. tarahaoa
Principal components analysis of AFLP data for Leucogenes
•AFLP profiles group samples
of each species.
L. grandiceps
L. neglecta
•Diploid L. leontopodium &
tetraploid L. neglecta cluster
together. This is consistent with
derivation of L. neglecta from
L. leontopodium by
autopolyploidy.
•Octoploid L. tarahoa does not
cluster with either L. neglecta
or L. leontopodium. This
indicates that the species has
independent origin.
L. leontopodium
L. tarahaoa
Pachycladon
Myosotis
New Zealand Ozothamnus
Raoulia : diversity of mat and cushion form
Hybrids
Raoulia mammilaris
X
Leucogenes grandiceps
Adaptive radiation:
Ranunculus lyallii
M. pulvinaris
Adaptive radiation:
Myosotis
M. traversii
M. colensoi
Ecology of plant radiations
in New Zealand
Are our plant radiations adaptive and are
there adaptive zones?
Within radiations is the pattern generalist
ancestors, specialised descendants?
Do radiations interact so that colonisation
chronology impacts on niche dominance and
habitat use?
Conclusion
New Zealand ideal for study of plant evolution
• Oceanic island
• Isolation
• Continental fragment
• Long fossil record
• Diverse flora with Gondwana elements and origin
from long distance dispersal
• Dispersal followed by radiation and range
expansion
Acknowledgements
Allan Herbarium staff, Landcare Research
NZPRN members
Photos: Phil Garnock-Jones, Peter Heenan, Carlos Lehnebach, Pete Lockhart, Heidi
Meudt, John Lovis, and Rainer Vogt
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