Aquatic Animal Health Management
in Vietnam and Strategy for 5-years
Development
Nguyen Cong Dan and Le Van Khoa
Department of Animal Health, Vietnam
OIE Global conference on Aquatic Animal Health Programmes: Their benefits for global food security
Panama City, Panama 28-30 June 2011
Contents:
1. Vietnam aquaculture:
• General introduction
• Government support
2. Aquatic Animal Health Management:
• Structure of veterinary services
• Aquatic animal health system
 Structure
 Important and emerging diseases
3. Strategy for 5 years development of aquatic animal
health (2011-2015)
•
•
•
•
management system;
human capacities and technical authority;
national cooperation; and
international co operations and private sector involvements
1. Overview of Vietnam
aquaculture
•
South-East Asian borders
to China, Laos and
Cambodia.
•
Total area: 330,000 km2
•
Population: 85.79 million
(2009)
•
Agro-ecological regions.
•
63 provinces and cities.
•
Warm and humid climate
Natural Resources of Vietnam
Land area
330,000 km2
Coastline
3,260 km
EEZ
1,000,000 km2
Climate:
North: 9-39C, South 20-35C
Rainfall:
2,200 mm/yr
Mekong River, Red River and many smaller rivers
Natural Resources for Aquaculture
Ponds
160,000 ha.
Lakes and reservoirs
340,000 ha
Rice fields
580,000 ha.
Coastal zone: mangrove, bays,
lagoons, inter-tidal area
700,000 ha.
Rivers and canals: Thousands km long
Red River Delta
Mekong River Delta
Family fish pond
Rice fields: 580,000 ha
Lakes and reservoirs: 340,000 ha
Floating cages on river
Rivers and canals:
1,000’s km long
Coastal zone: mangroves, bays, lagoons,
inter-tidal areas: 700,000 ha.
Intensive shrimp pond
Model marine cage-culture
Aquaculture Area Distribution (2010)
9.4%
9%
Mekong River Delta
19.2%
Mekong River Delta
19%
RedRiver
River
Delta
Red
Delta
Remaining Area
Remaining area
71.4%
72%
Aquatic Species Biodiversity
 2,030 species of endemic fish
 1,600 species of endemic crustaceans
 2,500 species of endemic shellfish
 many seaweed species
 165 species of commercial importance
71 fresh water, 49 brackish water, 45 marine
Major export species:
• Aquaculture: Black tiger shrimp (P. monodon), white leg
shrimp (L. vannamei), Mekong catfish (Pangasius), lobsters,
tilapia.
• Capture: tuna, makeral, sardin and some others
Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production
Year
Aquaculture
(tons)
Capture
(tons)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
480,800
589,600
709,900
844,800
1,003,100
1,202,500
1,478,000
1,694,000
1,950,000
2,280,000
2,800,000
1,526,000
1,660,900
1,724,800
1,802,600
1,856,100
1,940,000
1,987,000
2,001,700
2,020,000
2,050,000
2,100,000
Aquaculture Fish and Shrimp Production
Year
Fish
(tons)
Shrimp
(tons)
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
336,000
391,100
421,000
486,400
604,400
761,600
971,200
1,148,000
1,575,000
1,893,000
2,375,000
57,500
93,500
154,900
186,200
237,900
281,800
327,200
354,600
375,000
387,000
425,000
Shrimp and Fish Production Distribution (2010)
15%
15%
15%
3%
15%
3%
Mekong
River Delta
Mekong
River
Delta
River
Red Red
River
Delta
Delta
Remaining
Remaining
Area
area
18%
18%
67%
67%
82%
82%
Shrimp
Fish
Contribution of Fisheries
• Export value (2010): US$ 5.02 billions
– Shrimps: US$ 2.1 billions
– Mekong river catfish (Pangasius): US$ 2.02 billions
– Others: US$ 0.9 billions
• Contribution to GDP (2010): 4%
• Job generation: 4.5 millions
• Fisheries supplies: 40 % of animal protein in Vietnamese
food
• Fish consumption: est. 15 kg/capita (highest 60kg/capita
in coastal regions)
Government Support for Fisheries
• Law of Fisheries:
Aquaculture area planning
Feed and chemicals used in aquaculture
Rights and responsibilities of aquaculture individuals/groups
• Ordinal of Veterinary:
 develop to animal health law (in process to submit to National
Assembly in 2012)
 Terrestrial animals
 Aquatic Animals: to be included
• National Aquaculture Development Programme 224
for period 1999 – 2010
• National Fisheries Development Plan: 2011 – 2020
• National Fisheries Biotechnology Programme: 2007 – 2015
2. Aquatic Animal Health
Management
Structure of Veterinary Services
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
National Institute of
Veterinary Research
7 Regional
Animal Health
Offices
(RAHOs)
Regional Sub
Departments of
Animal Quarantine
and Inspection in
Lang Son, Lao Cai
and Quang Ninh
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HEALTH
Functional Divisions:
- Personnel and Administration
- Epidemiology (Terrestrial)
- Aquatic Animal Health
- Inspection & Quarantine
- Drug & Vaccine Management
- Legislation & Inspection
- Plan (Inter. Cooperation & Sciences)
- Finance
Provincial Sub-Departments of Animal Health
District Veterinary
Stations
Communal Veterinary
Team
Domestic Inspection
Stations
Veterinary Drug and
Vaccine Company
5 Professional
Centers
The National Center
for Vet. Diagnosis
 The National
Centers for Quality
control of Vet.
Drugs No. 1, 2
 The National
Centers for Vet.
Hygiene Inspection
No.1, 2
Structure of Aquatic Animal Health
Since Jan. 2008
Before Jan. 2008
Ministry of Agriculture &
Rural Development (MARD)
Ministry of Fisheries
(MoFi)
NAFIQAVED
6 regional offices &
57 provincial offices
ALL seed, feeds,
drugs, chemicals
and fertilizers used
in aquaculture
MANAGED by
NAFIQAVED
NAFIQAD
Department of
Animal Health
6 regional offices
7 regional offices
Provincial level
Under development
63 provincial sub-DAH
District Unit
& Commune unit or
veterinarians
Directorate
of Fisheries
Provincial level
(Setting-up)
Structure of Aquatic Animal Health
Decision 1427 by MARD
(JUNE 2009)
Ministry of Agriculture &
Rural Development (MARD)
NAFIQAD
Quality of
EXPORTED
aquatic products for
human
consumption
Department of
Animal Health
Directorate
of Fisheries
Quality of fish seeds, feeds
and fertilizers
{
Aquatic animal epidemiology and Surveillance
Quarantine and inspection of live aquatic
animals (import-export-domestic) and
IMPORT aquatics animal products (except for
human consumption)
Drugs, chemicals, probiotics
Hygienic practices in aquaculture
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• White Spot Disease
– Area affected accounts app. 10-20% (80,000 ha.)
• Taura Syndrome (TS)
– No outbreak reported
– Positive cases and mortality found
• Yellow Head Disease (YHD)
– No outbreak reported
– Positive cases and mortality found
• Monodon Baculovirus (MBV)
– Cause slow growth
– Positive found 10-15% in seed populations
• Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN)
– First reported in 2009, No outbreaks reported
– Recently found positive cases from imported white shrimp broodstocks
Important diseases in Vietnam Aquaculture
• Milky Lobster Disease
– First found in 2007, mortality accounted: 80 – 100%
– Species affected: Spiny lobsters (Panulirus ornatus and P.
homarus)
– Causative pathogen: Rickettsia-like bacteria
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• Enteric Septicaemia of Vietnamese Catfish
– Species affected: Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
– Causative agent: Edwardsiella ictaluri
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• Red Spot Disease of Carps
– Species affected: grass carp, black carp, common carp, Indian carps,…
– Pathogen: Aeromonas hydrophilla
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• Streptococosis in Tilapia
– First outbreak reported in August 2009 in northern provinces of
Vietnam, losses up to 90% in the affected areas
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• Viral nervous necrosis (VNN)
- most serious marine disease in cage-culture/hatcheries,
mortality up to 90% in fingerlings
Important diseases in Vietnam
Aquaculture
• Vibriosis in Cobia and other marine species (grouper,
red drum,…)
Emerging diseases
• Hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome
– First found in April 2011 in Mekong delta
– Mortality: average 65% (90% in intensive cultured systems, most heavy
losses in Soc Trang province)
– Affected species: both P. monodon and L. vannamei
– Unknown pathogen (to date)
– Clinical signs
• …
• …
– Findings
• …
• …
Emerging diseases
• Hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome
– Clinical signs
 In early stages of the mortality, clinical signs were almost not clear.
 P. monodon died at the age of 20-30 days post stocking (35-45 days
age),
 while white leg shrimp L. vannamei died at the age of 30-35 days
(45-50 days age).
 slow growth rate,
 loose shells,
 and discoloration,
 swelled and soften liver,
 atrophied hepatopancreas,
 occasionally black spots in the necrosis hepatopancreas
Emerging diseases
• Hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome: Findings
(Prof. Dr. Don Lightner)
– Histology:
No lesions diagnostic of infection by the Necrotizing
hepatopancreatitis bacteria G. {HP-B) or by microsporidians,
were detected.
The main pathologies found within these hepatopancreas
tissues are suggestive of a toxic syndrome.
The toxin responsible could possibly come from the
environment (water, feed, etc.) or from some type of bacteria.
– PCR:
• ALL submitted samples negative with:
 NHP,
 Spiroplasma penaei,
 Microsporidian: Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei
Other diseases/pathogens of
importance
 Diseases of coldwater fishes due to importation of
fertilized eggs of rainbow trout and sturgeon from EU
countries for incubation and aquaculture.
 Diseases of mollusks: less research investment
 Diseases of ornamental fish: less research investment
 Fishborn Zoonotic Parasites: Metaceacaria stages of
liver fluke in fish
 Diseases of Amphibians: Chytrid fungus?
 Diseases of wild aquatic animals: no investment (so far)
3. Strategy for Development of
Aquatic Animal Health
5 years (2011 to 2015)
National strategy for five years
development of aquatic animal health
(2011 to 2015)
• 1) to build up management system of aquatic
animal health;
• 2) to improve human capacities and technical
authority;
• 3) to strengthen national cooperation; and
• 4) to strengthen international co operations and
private sector involvements
National strategy
1) to build up management system of aquatic animal health:
– Fully operation from central government to localities;
– Legislations and regulations
– Sufficient man-power for management;
– Sufficient infrastructures;
– Investment on:
• Development and application of the eradication programmes for
important diseases of aquatic species
• Strengthen of aquatic animal disease surveillance system base on
OIE guidelines
• Application of GMP in veterinary drugs production
• Strengthen quarantine and inspection of fish and fisheries products
import/export based on OIE guideline on aquatic animal health code
National strategy
2) to improve human capacities and technical authority and
capability on:
– Epidemiology and surveillance,
– disease reporting
– risk analysis,
– laboratory diagnosis,
– disease control and warning;
– quarantine and inspection; and
– drug management.
National strategy
3) to strengthen national cooperation between DAH with:
– National Agro Forestry Fisheries Quality Assurance Department
(NAFIQAD);
– Directorate of Fisheries;
– Research Institutes for Aquaculture No.1, 2 and 3 (RIA.1,2&3)
– Can Tho University;
– Nong Lam University, Nha Trang University;
– Fisheries colleges
– Private sectors: VASEP, VINAFIS,…
National strategy
4) to strengthen international cooperation:
– OIE
• Disease reporting
• Reference laboratories: diagnostic assistance, supports and consultancies;
trainings and education; calibration programmes; and finding new
diseases/problems
– FAO/NACA
• Consultancies, Trainings and education, finding new diseases
• Assisting for financial support to strentheng aquatic animal health system and
application of OIE standards
– WCS (Wild Animal Conservation Society)
– CITES
– CODEX
– WTO/SPS
– Privates and Associations
Thank you very much