West African Fruit Fly Initiative
Jean-François Vayssières, Antonio Sinzogan,
Appollinaire Adandonon, Ousmane Coulibaly, Issa
Ouagoussounon, Cinthia Kikissagbé (IITA-CIRAD)
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 In all West African countries the horticultural industry is
quite dynamic and known to be a fast growing agricultural
sub-sector.
 Horticulture has a role of major importance in West African
economy: it is a major source of income, it creates a lot of
jobs, it involves many stakeholders, it ensures food security,
it provides a lot of vitamins & nutrients.
 Mango is a lucrative crop with export for many West African
countries. But fruit flies represent a major production
constraint with several mango containers destroyed every
year from W.A. In 2006, estimated mango losses in Benin
=> 434 930 000 FCFA = 663 000 € = ~ 966 000 US$.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 All West African countries (15) are dealing with that crucial
fruit fly problematic: fruit fly complex (~ 10 species)
 Fruit flies are major constraints for all fruit value chains (including
wild species) : mango, citrus, guava, cashew, sour sop, tropical
plum, sheanut, African wild mango… Some fruit fly species are
oligophagous (attack few fruit species), others are polyphagous
as Bactrocera invadens attacking more than 40 fruit species in
Benin and some neighbouring countries.
 Economic impact on mango value chain in Benin:
losses on export cv range from ~15% (end March)
to more than 80% (end June). Loss trend is similar
in other West African countries while the fruit
seasons are slightly different.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
- Bactrocera invadens
- Ceratitis cosyra
- Ceratitis quinaria
- Ceratitis silvestrii
- Ceratitis fasciventris
- Ceratitis ditissima
- Ceratitis bremii
- Ceratitis anonae
- Ceratitis punctata
=> 2 mango fruit fly species
of high economic significance.
- Ceratitis capitata
- Dacus vertebratus
- Bactrocera cucurbitae.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 Mango pest in Sub-
Saharian Africa.
 Polyphagous species
(~15 hosts in Benin).
 Widespread on wild
(local) hosts in African
savannahs…
 African species known
by growers.
 Species of economic
significance in Sudanian
& Guinean savannahs.
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 Alien species:
originated from Sri Lanka.
 Species highly
polyphagous (more than 40
cultivated wild hosts Benin).
 Alien species with high
biotic potentialities ( > than
those of native species).
 Species of high
economic significance in
forest zone, Sudanian &
Guinean savannahs.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
November 18th 2009
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
February 21 st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 FIRST FOR
THEM
= Mangos are
fundamental
vitamin mineral
source in
Africa and
very cheap
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 First of all, mangos are important food
crops for West African populations.
 Mango fruit flies are quarantine pest of
great economic importance (as a
barrier to export) occurring throughout
West Africa.
 Economic impact of fruit flies: very
important on mangos but also on citrus,
guavas,… as they are polyphagous species.
 There is a need for global approach.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
The global objective of the W.A.F.F.I. is to enhance
income generation through the efficient and
environmentally sound management of fruit flies
in order to reach:
 poverty reduction and sustainable livelihoods
 food security in West Africa by the promotion of
production of mangoes and other fruit value
chains (Citrus…).
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 ORGANISATIONAL ASPECT: facilitating work of national task
force dealing with fruit fly problematic.
 PRODUCTION ASPECT: duplication, extension and dissemination
of control methods developed in order to deliver them to fruit
grower’ organisation and other stakeholders.
 RESEARCH ASPECT:
=> Development of an « IPM-package » (2008-2011) as no
single control method has been able to guarantee sustainable
control of fruit flies in W A.
=> Continuation of applied research activities (2012-2014) on
non validated control methods and also on life-history of Bi .
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 Enhancing applied research through concerted
actions with research institutes and other
stakeholders.
 Finalizing applied research in an African frame in
order to propose best bets.
 Extending collaboration with other scientists
working on fruit flies in other tropical areas.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
An holistic approach of Tephritidae problematic.
 Activities within different AEZ : only main AEZ are
considered.
 Definition of the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ): AEZ is
a mapping unit resulting from climatic, pedological
and phytosociological data. This unit has constraints
and specific capacities related to the land use.
 Three pilot orchards have been selected per AEZ :
totally 57 PO in 19 AEZ for all 8 countries. It is
possible to have an overall view of infestation with
a few PO per AEZ.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
Four main Agro-Ecological Zones in West Africa:
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
=> Cultural by grafting ealier cv on late cv...
=> Prophylactic by collecting damaged fruits…
=> Biological control with weaver ants (generalist
predators).
=> Biological control with micro-wasps (native or
exotic parasitoid species).
=> Biological control with entomopathogens.
=> Integrated Pest Management with GF-120
spot TTT, other bait sprays, M.A.T., & different
types of bait stations …
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
FACT STATE:
 None of classical chemical pesticides has been registered for
mango treatments. Nonetheless cotton pesticides are used in mg
orchards…
 Chemical pesticides are too high-priced (and scarce).
 Chemical pesticides destroy natural enemies (predators as well as
parasitoids).
 The use of chemical pesticides is a real threat for African growers…
and risky for exported products due to residues… !
 The effectiveness of chemical pesticides is really low
against Tephritidae : pesticides do not reach fruit fly eggs
and larvae in the pulp of the fruit; furthermore the pupae are
protected in the soil.
=> THE OUTCOME IS REALLY NEGATIVE!
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 The IPM program (sensu lato) should
integrate several compatible best bet
technologies.
 For this control program to be effective, it
should be planned in the whole production basin
(=> “area wide management”).
 Only the most appropriate control methods
should be used together per A.E.Z.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
Main activities implemented:
 Inventory of mango fruit fly species.
 Fruit sanitation activities in orchards.
 B.A.T. or spot treatments with GF-120.
 Biocontrol activities with weaver ants.
 Biocontrol activities with native parasitoids.
 Other IPM best bets (bait stations…).
 Socio-economic studies and calculations.
 Set up of new orchards with good technical package
(site, mg cultivars, distance of plantation, etc…).
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main
A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for B. invadens (+)
Forest
zone
Guinea savannah
zone
Sudan
savannah zone
Sahelian
zone
Fruit sanitation activities
+
+
+
?+
Biocontrol with weaver ants
+
+
+
?
Biocontrol with exotic parasitoids
+
+
?
0
Biocontrol with entomopath.
?-
?
+
?+
Spot treatments with GF-120
?
+
+
?+
Other IPM (bait stations...)
+
+
+
?+
General estimation of best-bet
technologies / each major A.E.Z.
4+
5+
5+
?+
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
All these best-bet technologies cannot be used in these 4 main
A.E.Z. in WA. Here are the positive results for C. cosyra (+)
Forest
zone
Guinea savannah
zone
Sudan
savannah zone
Sahelian
zone
Fruit sanitation activities
+
+
?+
Biocontrol with weaver ants
+
+
?
Biocontrol with native parasitoids
+
+
?+
Biocontrol with entomopath.
?
?
?+
Spot treatments with GF-120
+
+
?+
Other IPM (bait stations...)
+
+
?+
General estimation of best-bet
technologies / each major A.E.Z.
5+
5+
?+
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 Privilegiate the best-bet technologies which are (i) well
adapted for each AEZ, (ii) effective, (iii) mutually compatible.
 Test and use the compatible best-bet technologies for
sustainability with growers in each AEZ.
 Disseminate the compatible best-bet technologies that
are well adapted for each AEZ.
 Keep a detection trapping with parapheromone
attractants in each AEZ for the monitoring of fly
populations.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
• What do you thing as important to be included in
the next annual technical planning?
• Any new Research-Development activities?
• Any Extension and Dissemination activities?
• Which kind of collaboration do you prefer…?
• What kind of capacity building do you want…?
• How much funding is needed?
• What are the main objectives?
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
NEXT ACTIVITIES that COULD BE PLANNED
 IPM: annual tests at large scale against B. invadens of
Male Annihilation Technique (MAT).
 IPM: tests of spot treatments (GF-120) on citrus crops.
 IPM: test of M3 bait-stations against B. invadens.
 Biocontrol: field tests of biological control with
entomopathogens (Metarrhizium).
 Biocontrol: analysis of repellent cues of weaver ants
against fruit flies.
 Socio-economic issue: calculation of cost-benefit issue.
 Capacity building: from growers to students.
 Media: documents translated in local langages, etc.
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 National level : with CERPA, CECPA, SPV, INRAB and
many
growers (Borgou, Atacora, Collines…).
 Regional level in West Africa : Côte d’Ivoire, Burkina
Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Togo.
Faso,
 International level : Washington (B.M.), Bruxelles (U.E.), Geneva
(O.M.C.), Tervuren (R.M.C.A.), London (N.H.M.),
Pavie (Univ.),
Nairobi (Icipe).
 NGOs : CARE, CFHF, FEA, FAES...
 Internal level : CIRAD Reunion / PPP (PVBMT).
February 21st 2012
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
=> WAFFI leaflets n°= 1 to 10.... (F.V. & E.V.)
=> Implications of on-farm research for local knowledge related to
fruit flies and the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda in mango
production, 2008. Sinzogan A., Vayssières J.F., Int. J. of Pest
Management, 54, 241-246.
=> Correlation of fruit fly (Diptera Tephritidae) infestation of major
mango cultivars in Borgou with abiotic and biotic factors, 2009.
Vayssières J.F., Korie S., Ayegnon D. Crop Protection, 28, 477-488.
=> Effectiveness of spinosa bait-sprays (GF-120) in controlling
mango-infesting fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae) in Benin, 2009.
Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A., Korie S., Ouagoussounon I., Thomas-Odjo
A. J. Econ. Entomol., 102, 515-521.
=> Density of pheromone sources of the weaver ant Oecophylla
longinoda affects oviposition behaviour and damage by mango fruit
flies, 2009. Adandonon A., Vayssières J.F., Sinzogan A., Korie S., Van
Mele P. Int. J. of Pest Management, 55, 285-292.
November 18th 2009
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
 Donors: thanks are due to W.B., E.U. (AAACP) & W.T.O. for their
financial support since end 2007. We also thanks UEMOA for their
current financial support in 2012.
 Extension services and research institutes: we are grateful to DPV,
ISRA, OPV, IER, INERA, SPV, IRAG, PPRSD, CNRA, ITRA, INRAB, IITA
and CIRAD for their support since 2004.
 Universities: Accra-Legon, Dakar-UCAD, Lomé, Cocody, AbomeyCalavi & Parakou, Montpellier, Paris-Créteil.
 Main national projects and NGO’s: thanks are also due to PAFASP
(Burkina), PCDA (Mali), FAES (Senegal), MOAP-GTZ, EMQAP (Ghana).
 Involved countries: thanks to all our collaborators and partners from
the 8 West-African countries.
CIRAD-IITA-WARDA’ team
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou
th 2009
WestNovember
African18Fruit
Fly Initiative
Dr Jean-François Vayssières et al.
COLEACP-EDES - Ouagadougou