Overview
Resource
Planning
Pacific NW Waterways Association
Kevin Watkins
June 27, 2011
Topics
•
Ocean Wave Energy Demo Project
•
Coffin Butte Resource Project
•
Technology tracking
•
Energy storage
•
High wind/high water
About
PNGC Power
•
Generation & transmission cooperative
•
16 members/owners operating in 7 PNW states
•
JOE  Joint Operating Entity ( “power pool”)
•
Smart Grid Investment Grant recipient
Members/Owners
About
Electricity
•
Electricity  type of energy (“electrical energy”)
•
Other types of energy “converted” to electricity
– Conversion technologies: generators, P/V cells, etc.
– Conversion “rate” = power (units: Watts  W, kW, MW)
– 1 MW = 1,341 Hp
•
Instantaneous balance!
Supply (“generation”) = Demand (“loads”)
Ocean Wave Energy Demo Project
Ocean wave formation
Sunlight >>
Temperature & pressure differentials >>
Winds (over Oceans) >>
Ocean Waves
Wave energy technologies
1st wave energy project (Spain)
Ocean wave resource potential
Estimated wave energy
Oregon Coast Wave Energy Profile
Project description
•
Developer: Ocean Power Technologies (OPT)
(PNGC Power providing funding, support, PPA)
•
Generation capacity: 1.5 MW
(10 -150 KW buoys)
•
Schedule
– Phase 1: (Sept 2011): one buoy for data collection
– Phase 2: (August 2012): deploy nine more buoys;
interconnect w/Douglas Electric; begin ~2 year demo
Project
location
Buoy dimensions
(feet)
DRAWING NOT TO SCALE
DIMENSIONS SHOWN IN FEET
POWERBUOY
50
’
PRELIMINARY
DRAWING
50’
CATENARY LINE – 117’
SUBSURFACE
FLOAT
20.3’
MOORING
BRIDLE
50
’
105.1’
TENDON LINE
E: 12/2/2009 Rev 3
24.6’
©2009 Ocean Power Technologies, Inc.
ASSUMED DEPTH - 200’
ANCHOR
Objective: project information
•
Resource characteristics
– Availability (seasonal, daily, etc.)
– Compatibility with other uses
– Predictability
•
Conversion technology performance
– Operations (efficiency, generation during storms, etc.)
– Reliability (forced outages, maintenance, etc.)
– Cost
Project opportunity?
•
•
•
•
•
Verify renewable resource
Confirm generation predictability
Define O&M cost characteristics
Simplify integration
(for direct generation-to-member connections)
Provide “scalable” capacity additions
– Shorter development cycle (e.g.,18-24 months)
– Smaller capacity additions (e.g.,10-20 MW)
Coffin Butte Resource Project
Biomass energy: landfill gas (“LFG”)
•
LFG formed via biological process:
methanagenic anaerobic bacteria
•
Biomass  methane (CH4)
•
LFG methane content: 50-55%
•
Very challenging collection &
combustion control processes
Process LFG  electricity
Overview
•
Owner: Power Resources Cooperative (PRC)
• Description
–
–
–
–
•
5.7 MW landfill gas-to-energy facility
Technology: Advanced IC engines
Commercial operations: October 1995 (2.5 MW)
Phase II operations: October 2007 (+ 3.2 MW)
Phase III planning
– Timing: 2012-2013?
– Major issues: fuel supply & air quality permitting
CAT 3520 engine-generator (1.6 MW)
Technology Tracking
Compressor Station Heat Recovery
Technology illustration
Preliminary evaluation
•
PRO
– No incremental CO2 production
– Siting & permitting relatively straightforward
– Remotely operated & monitored
(with organic working fluid)
•
CON
– Coordination with pipeline owner/operator
– Non-dispatchable generation
– Interconnection & integration requirements
Biomass Cogeneration
Biomass resources
•
Type: Residue fuels (“woody biomass”)
– Mill residues
– Unused logging slash
– Forest thinning residues
•
Issue: Supply
– Competing uses (e.g., landscaping materials)
– Implementing long-term activities on public lands
– Sensitivity to prevailing economic cycles
•
Risk: new regulations re: biomass burning
Cogeneration operations
•
Concept: co-generate with same fuel & systems
– Electricity
– Process steam
•
Shared costs
– Fuel
– Equipment
– O&M
•
Major benefit  Efficiency
Cogeneration issues
•
Coordinate “steam” + “electric” loads
•
Allocation of costs & benefits
Consistent reliability standards
O&M staffing & practices
Upgrade planning (e.g., electrical system only)
Limited distance for steam transport
Others!
•
•
•
•
•
Large-scale photovoltaic (PV)
PRO
•
Very positive public perception
•
Sustainable (vs. more limited “renewable” term)
•
No operating CO2 cost/penalty exposure
•
Good coincidence with summer-peaking loads
•
Costs largely fixed (e.g., debt service)
CON
•
Intermittent output
•
Poor coincidence with winter-peaking loads
•
Large land area requirement
(500 acres (380 football fields!) for 50 MW facility)
•
Regulation & load following reserves (costs??)
Energy storage
Energy storage overview
Concept: electricity
• Functions
•
–
–
–
–
 “storable” energy
Operational support
“Firm” intermittent resources
Optimize market transactions
Integrate with Smart Grid
operations
– Others!
Pumped hydro
Pumped hydro (cont.)
Batteries
Compressed Air Energy Storage
High wind/high water
Wind generation capacity
High wind
High water
Spill
Issues!
System stability
Transmission access
Operational priority
 COSTS
Next step?
Thank you!
Courtesy NASA
Supplemental Information
Wave development
Wave motion
Waves “breaking” at shoreline
Milankovitch Cycles
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Levels
Hydrogen Hub Feasibility Study
•
Concept
Renewable energy =>
Ammonia synthesis (fuel) =>
Dispatchable generation
• Conclusions
– Ammonia synthesis/generation technically feasible
– Much uncertainty!
•
NW Hydrogen Alliance seeking demo project $
Modular Nuclear Study Committee
Energy Northwest  study group coordination
• Objective: preliminary technology evaluation
•
– Modularity/scalability
– Light-water reactor design
– Can obtain NRC Design Certification?
•
Key issues
–
–
–
–
USDOE cost sharing
Cost-effectiveness
Waste fuel management
Others!
Typical modular design (45 MW)
Next steps
•
Select preferred vendor to continue
“due diligence” study
• Better define overall economics
• Seek USDOE cost-sharing
– Combined Operating License (estimated $50M!)
– Reference plant
•
Increase communication activities
Challenging maritime conditions
Balancing Authorities (formerly “Control Areas”)
PNW transmission constraints
Blue are internal to BPA system (flowgates); red are interchange constraints
Environmental Dispatch
Interchange