Invited Plenary Speech, CAMAN 2012,
Wuhan, China
Recent Trends of Higher Education and
Challenges for Management
Dian-Fu Chang, Professor
Tamkang University, New Taipei City
Contents
1
Trends of Higher Education
2
New Challenges in the 21st Century
3
4
5
Models of Higher Education Management
Knowledge Production
Examples of Related Studies
1. Trends of Higher Education

Contemporary higher education has been
influenced by two mega-trends—
globalization and massification

In the twenty-first century, globalization
has had a substantial impact on all of
higher education, and simultaneously,
massification has influenced the
globalized academic environment.
According to UNESCO data, 165 million
students participated in formal tertiary
education worldwide in 2009; this is an
increase of 65 million students since 2000
and a growth of 65% (UNESCO Institute
for Statistics 2011).
 Globally, the increase in the number of
foreign students can be contrasted to the
rise in tertiary enrolment.


Most countries currently view
international academic mobility and
educational exchange as critical
components for sharing knowledge,
building intellectual capital, and remaining
competitive in a globalizing world.

In the United States alone, higher
education is the fifth largest service
export sector, with in-bound international
students contributing US$17.7 billion to
the economy each year (Bhandari &
Chow 2009).
2. New Challenges in the 21st Century
Egalitarianism: Equality
• Access to higher education
• Standardization of
curriculum/degree
• Teaching-focused
Globalization
• Massification
• Privatization
• Governance & Accountability
Elitism: Excellence
Internationalization
• Mobility of faculty and students
• Rankings, world-class university
• Quality of higher education
• Knowledge production
• Research-focused
Source: Jung Cheol Shin & Grant Harman(2009). New challenges for higher education: global and Asia-Pacific
perspectives. Asia Pacific Educ. Rev. 10:1-13.
2. 1 Challenges: Massification
Tertiary enrollment
100.0
91.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
82.0
73.0
66.0
56.0
60.0
50.0
57.0
59.0
50.0
40.0
42.0
30.0
26.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
ratio
(%)
Australia Czech
France Germany Japan
Source: World Bank edstats data query, OECD Stat Extracts.
Korea
Mexico Poland
UK
USA
2.2 Challenges: Privatization
Enrollment at Private Institution
100.0
90.0
79.9
80.0
80.1
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
32.7
30.8
25.5
30.0
16.6
20.0
10.0
0.0
10.7
2.2
ratio
(%)
Source: OECD Stat Extracts.
9.0
0.0
2.2 Challenges: Privatization
Governmental Expenditure for Tertiary Education(%)
100.0
90.0
85.7
80.7
80.0
85.6
82.8
91.4
84.1
87.9
80.6
69.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
74.0
66.9
62.7
56.1
46.9
47.8
41.7
40.0
34.7
33.7
30.0
24.3
20.0
16.7
10.0
0.0
ratio
(%)
Australia
Czech
France
Germany
Japan
year 1998
Source: OECD Stat Extracts.
Korea
Mexico
year 2005
Poland
UK
USA
2.3 Challenges: Internationalization
Proportion of International students (%)
2.4 Challenges: WCU & Global Ranking
WCU by Language
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
ratio
(%)
Ranking 200 Univ.
Ranking 300 Univ.
English speaking
Source: The Times ranking homepage.
Non-English speaking
Ranking 500 Univ.
3. Models of Higher Education Management
Teaching and Research Systems
French Model
Education
Resea
-rch
dual system
German Model
Education &
Research
integrated system
American Model
Research
Education
graduate &
undergraduate
3.1 Locus of Higher Education Management
State, University Managers and Professors
State
Univ. Manager
Professor
Continental
Europe
British
America
(Clark, 1983)
3.2 HE Systems: Quality Assurance & Funding Policy
Management and University Relationships
State
QA
Funding
HEIs
3.3 Change of Budget Mechanism
700000
HE Budget
600000
500000
Total HE Budget
Formula-base
Evaluation-based
400000
300000
200000
100000
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
0
Year
Notes: a) Unit: Million Korean Won.
b) Total budget is based on the Education Budget (from 1989 to 2004)
c) Formula-based budget is the total of conventional budget and the evaluation-based budget is the total of 11
funding projects that are designed to allocate budget based on institutional evaluation.
d) Sources: Annual Education Budget (Korean Ministry of Education, 1989-2005)
4. Knowledge Production Worldwide
Total Publication
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
4.1 Knowledge Production: Share of Publication by
Country (%)
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
4.2 Knowledge Production:
Growth Rate of Publication (from 1995)
Source: US National Science Board, 2010
5. Examples of Study
In the United Kingdom and the United
States, research and teaching quality
ratings have influenced government
funding for individual higher education
institutions (Patrick & Stanley, 1998).
 Meanwhile, the Ministry of Education in
Taiwan has since 2005 promoted the
“Teaching Excellence Project”, aimed at
improving university teaching quality
driven by a funding reward system.

5.1 Teaching Quality Assessment
We used SEM (structural equation
model) analysis to test university teaching
quality assessment model.
 The five indicators, including resources,
curriculum, teachers, counseling, and
satisfaction with teaching, have a
significant positive correlation with
teaching quality

.25
e23
e24
.44
Q23
e25
e26
.55
.61
Q25
Q24
.66 .78
e3
.52
Q26
e10
.36
Q3
.74 .72
e11
.55
Q10
e13
.41
Q11
e14
.39
Q13
.47
Q14
e19
.31
Q16
e20
.49
Q19
curriculum 1.00
e101
e102
.27
1.00
Q1
e1
.52
e103
.85
.92
quality_s
.37
Q20
.74 .64 .63 .69 .56 .70 .61
.60
source .62
.79
e16
.74
Q2
.71
Q4
.63
.58
.68
teacher
.55
e2
.51
e4
.40
Q5
e5
.33
Q7
e7
.96
.93
.47
Q15
e15
e104
e105
satisfaction
.91
.87
councel
.82 .78 .71 .69
Q30
Q29
.68
e30
Q28
.60
e29
Q27
.50
e28
.47
e27
.55 .63 .72 .69 .71
Q22
.31
e22
Q21
Q18
.40
e21
Q17
.52
e18
.47
e17
Standardized estimates
Q9
.51
e9
.60 .54
Q8
Q6
.36
e8
.29
e6
Findings:
1. Teaching quality questioned after
expansion in quantity of higher education;
 2. The teaching quality at universities did
not meet student expectations.
 3. It needs assess university teaching
quality regularly using the teaching quality
assessment model.

5.2 Time Management for College Students
Fuzzy means, Defuzzification, and
Distance of fuzzy interval numbers
+
d(χ1, χ2)= Ci  C j
ln(1  Ai )
Ai

ln(1  A j )
| Aj |
Triangular fuzzy numbers
5.3 Fuzzy measure study abroad and…
•We applied the fuzzy measurement to collect
the college students’ perceptions of their
campus life and their intention to stay at
domestic campus or study abroad.
•This study used the self-designed fuzzy
questionnaire to collect the data from 289
college students in Taiwan.
An example of the self-designed
fuzzy questionnaire:
The results revealed that fuzzy statistics can
be applied to tackle ambiguity questions in
different fields.
 The fuzzy correlation provides more detail
information to interpret what students have
done and what they intent to do.

Study abroad by gender difference
Idea of fuzzy correlation
Testing of Fuzzy correlation
5.4 Fuzzy evaluating management
performance and marketing strategies
Fuzzy evaluating management performance
TQM in Higher Education
 The
challenges:
◦ Customer driven
◦ Data-intensive
◦ Result-oriented
Thanks
Dian-Fu Chang