FROM AACR2 to RDA
(and a few things in between)
The history and context of RDA
development
Jenny Stephens, National Library of
Australia, October 2010
Revised 2012
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Australia License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/
Overview
• From AACR2 to RDA, Part I: History and
Context
• FRBR/FRAD
• From AACR2 to RDA, Part II: Structure
Overview
TODAY • History of RDA Development
• International context
History of RDA
Why replace AACR2?
• International Conference 1997
– Analysis of underlying structure of AACR2
– Intellectual Content vs. Physical format
• Too much to just “amend” AACR2
History of RDA
AACR3?
2004 proposal for AACR3:
– Extensive revision of Part I of AACR2
– Alignment with FRBR
– Addition of a third section for authority control
• Constraints of working within existing AACR
structure
History of RDA
2005 – new standard
• Built on the foundations of AACR2
BUT
• New structure and new emphasis
• Designed for the digital world
• Adaptable and flexible for the future
History of RDA
• Three parts:
– Resource description
– Provision of Access points
– Formulation of data used for authority control
• Focused on user tasks
• Independent of presentation/encoding standards
• More user-friendly wording, layout and
formatting
International
Context
RDA
FRBR/FRAD/FRSAD
MARC
International
Cataloguing
Principles
Metadata
standards
Advances in Web Development
ISBD
FRBR/FRAD/FRSAD
Functional requirements for
Bibliographic and Authority Data
•
•
•
•
Growth of shared cataloguing
Lower level cataloguing
Catalogues not meeting user needs
1990- IFLA study to define the functional
requirements of bibliographic records
[Source: Adapted from Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR), Functional requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), Catherine
Argus, 2010]
10
FRBR/FRAD/FRSAD
Functional requirements for
Bibliographic and Authority Data
• Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (1998)
• Functional Requirements for Authority Data (2009)
• Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (2010)
• Ongoing review, eventual consolidation.
[Source: Adapted from Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR), Functional requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), Catherine
Argus, 2010]
11
FRBR/FRAD
Functional requirements for
Bibliographic and Authority Data
Conceptual models
– Identify & define the things that are important - entities
– Identify & define the attributes that characterise the entities
– Identify & define significant relationships between entities
[Source: RDA : Resource description and access, Deirdre Kiorgaard. RDA information session for QUT students, August 31, 2010]
FRBR/FRAD
Functional requirements for
Bibliographic and Authority Data
• Define bibliographic entities
– resources, people, families, corporate bodies, and subjects
• List their attributes
• Identify the relationships between the entities
• Map to user tasks
[Source: Adapted from: What you need to know about FRBR and FRAD when reading RDA, Pat Riva, May 2009]
13
FRBR/FRAD
Functional requirements for
Bibliographic and Authority Data
• are not cataloguing rules
• are not system models
• do not prescribe how they might be implemented
[Source: Adapted from Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR), Functional requirements for Authority Data (FRAD),
Catherine Argus, 2010]
14
FRBR/FRAD
FRBR and RDA
• RDA uses FRBR and FRAD concepts, terms and
user tasks
• RDA content and organisation reflect FRBR and
FRAD
– Attributes
– Relationships
[Source: Functional Requirements for Bibliographic records (FRBR), Functional requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), Catherine Argus, 2010]
15
International
Cataloguing Principles
Paris Principles 1961
• Achieved international standardisation
• Used as the basis of most cataloguing standards
BUT
• Covered only textual works
• Focused on choice and form of entries
16
International
Cataloguing Principles
International Cataloguing
Principles 2009
•All types of materials
• All aspects of bibliographic and authority data
•Built on FRBR Model
•Underlying principles of RDA
17
International
Cataloguing Principles
International Cataloguing
Principles 2009
Principles:
• Convenience of users
• Common usage
• Representation
• Accuracy
• Sufficiency and necessity
•Significance
18
International
Cataloguing Principles
International Cataloguing
Principles 2009
Principles (continued):
• Economy
• Consistency and standardisation
• Integration
http://www.ifla.org/publications/statement-ofinternational-cataloguing-principles
19
ISBD
International Standard
Bibliographic Description (1971)
•Aims
•Promotion of uniform bibliographic description
•Facilitates shared cataloguing
•Determined
•Required data elements
•Sequence of elements
•Prescribed punctuation
•Multiple ISBDs for different formats
•AACR2 framework based on
ISBD
20
ISBD
International Standard
Bibliographic Description (2007)
•Aims unchanged
•Single consolidated ISBD that is format neutral
•Conformed to FRBR data elements
•Influenced RDA development, but do not dictate structure.
http://www.ifla.org/publications/ifla-series-on-bibliographiccontrol-44
21
MARC
•Machine Readable Code for catalogue
data
•Based on layout of card catalogue
•Still the most widely used encoding standard in
library systems.
•Developed beyond boundaries of AACR2
22
MARC
Bibliographic Framework Transition
Initiative
Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control (2008)
US RDA Test (2010)
MARC Standard insufficient for current and future needs
23
MARC
Bibliographic Framework Transition Initiative
Progress to date:
• Consultation with Libraries, MARC users, MARBI and
other standards groups
• Defined requirements for the new bibliographic
framework.
• Contracted Zepheira to develop model(s) for
discussion within community
http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/
24
World wide web of
information
Semantic
web
RDF
Metadata
standards
Linked
Data
Metadata standards
Defined a set of core
metadata elements.
Developed and maintained by cultural and computer science sectors
Registry for
Application profiles
Developed for the National Science Digital Library (NSDL), now open to all
metadata communities.
RDA on OMR
http://metadataregistry.org/schema/list/page/3.html
26
Metadata standards
Set of standards
developed by
Publishing industry
ONIX
•Books
•Serials
•Licensing terms and rights information
http://www.editeur.org/8/ONIX/
27
Semantic Web
Source: Video still from Intro to the Semantic Web by Manu Sporny
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGg8A2zfWKg
Semantic Web
Source: Video still from Intro to the Semantic Web by Manu Sporny
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGg8A2zfWKg
Semantic Web
•“Now! .... That
should clear up
a few things
around here!”
Linked Data
1. Use URIs as names for things
2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those
names.
3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
information, using the standards (RDF*, SPARQL)
4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can
discover more things.
http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
RDF
• Resource Description Framework (RDF)
• Model for labelling and linking information
using URIs
http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-rdfprimer-20040210/#statements
Semantic Web and
Linked Data
Source: Network visualisation, Ruth Park,
AustLit (www.austlit.edu.au), 2002[Retrieved 19/10/2012]
RDA Today
2010
– Published June 2010
– Free public trial of Toolkit
– Subscriptions available
– US National Testing, 2nd half 2010
RDA Today
2011
Full Report: Report and Recommendations of the
U.S. RDA Test Coordinating Committee
– Recommended implementation not before 2013,
pending
• Rewording of text
• Changes to the content of RDA
• Significant progress towards replacing MARC
– US National Libraries accepted recommendations
– LC, Canada, Britain and Australia agreed to a joint
implementation.
RDA Today
Where are we at now?
• LC has announced a firm implementation date
of March 1, 2013.
• LC has released revised training
documentation
• Rewording of RDA text nearing completion
• Progress towards replacement of MARC
continues.
RDA Today
In Australia
• Training documentation has been developed
and key personnel throughout Australia have
received training.
• National Library of Australia - rolling
implementation beginning January 2013
• Libraries Australia ready to receive RDA
records by early 2013.
RDA Today
At the National Library of Australia
• Staff training January-March 2013
• Policies
• System changes
• Update documentation
Sources
International Federation of Library Associations
www.ifla.org
Joint Steering Committee for the Development of RDA
www.rda-jsc.org
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
http://dublincore.org/
Editeur
http://www.editeur.org/
Sources
Oliver, Chris, Introducing RDA : a guide to the basics (London,
Facet Publishing, 2010)
Argus, Catherine, Functional Requirements for Bibliographic
records (FRBR), Functional requirements for Authority Data
(FRAD). [Powerpoint presentation, 2010]
Kiorgaard, Deirdre, RDA : Resource description and access, [RDA
information session for QUT students, August 31, 2010]
Sources
ACOC Website
http://www.nla.gov.au/acoc/resourcedescription-and-access-rda-in-australia
Acronyms
RDA
JSC
COP
IFLA
ICP
ISBD
FRBR
FRAD
DCMI
BFTI
RDF
Resource Description and Access
Joint Steering Committee for the Development of RDA
Committee of Principals (JSC’s governing body)
International Federation of Library Associations
International Cataloguing Principles (2009)
International Standard Bibliographic Description
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
Functional Requirements for Authority Data
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
Bibliographic Framework Transition Initiative
Resource Description Framework