中国传统文化与现代管理
Traditional Chinese Culture and
Modern Management
Zuo Biao
zuobiao212@163.com
Friends
From
the SA
Welcome to Shanghai
Hello!
Shanghai
N. Carolina Florida
Confucius said,
“It’s such a great delight to
have friends visiting from afar.
孔子说：
“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎！”
传统文化的三大支柱
The Three Pillars of Traditional Chinese Culture
儒家思想 Confucianism
法家思想 Legalism
道家思想 Taoism
To solve the social problem of the 21st
century, we have to rely on the teachings of
Confucius, Mencius and Mahayana
Buddhism.
Toynbee & Ikeda : Choose Life: A dialogue, 2007
要解决21世纪的社会问题，
我们必须依仗孔子、孟子及大乘
佛教的教诲。
汤因比与伊克达
《选择人生：对话》，2007
儒家思想与现代管理
Confucianism and Modern Management
儒家思想的核心
The Core of Confucianism
The core of Confucianism is humanism,
the belief that human beings are teachable,
improvable and perfectible through personal
and communal endeavor.
儒家思想的核心是人本主义，相信通过自我
及团体的努力，人类是可教育、可提升、可完善
的。
儒家思想的核心
The Core of Confucianism
Confucianism focuses on the cultivation
of virtues and maintenance of morality so as
to establish stable social order.
修身
Xīushēn
德
Dé
君子
Jūnzǐ
Self-cultivation
Self-improvement
Virtue
Morality
Noble Man
Gentleman
The Supreme Pursuit of Confucians
内圣外王
nèi shèng wài wáng
Literal translation:
Internally a saint, externally a king.
A noble heart, a benevolent ruler.
Free translation:
Only a man of noble character can exercise
humane government.
A successful administrator must, first of all,
be a man of moral integrity.
内圣外王:
The Supreme Pursuit of Confucians
Confucius’ Statement:
子曰： “修己以安百姓。”
“Cultivating one’s own moral character so that
the people may live in peace and happiness.
“Cultivating one’s own moral character with a
view to governing the people successfully.”
内圣外王:
The Supreme Pursuit of Confucians
Statements by other scholars:
“修身，齐家，治国，平天下。”
《礼记·大学》
Perfect self, put family affairs in
order, administer the vassal state well and
stabilize the whole country.
Great Learning
Major Confucian Concepts
儒学的主要概念
仁Rén
Benevolence, Humaneness,
Kindness, Love for fellow Beings,
子曰：“仁者爱人。 ”
“Benevolence means loving others.”
子曰：“己所不欲，勿施于人。 ”
"Do not do unto others what you would not have them
do unto you."
子曰：“夫仁者，己欲立而立人，已欲达而达人。 ”
“Benevolence means allowing others to establish
themselves if you want to establish yourself and making
others’ aim attainable if you want your own attainable."
礼Lǐ
Rituals, Rites, Etiquette,
Social Norms
子曰：“道之以政，齐之以刑，民
免而无耻；道之以德，齐之以礼，
有耻且格。 ”
Govern the people with administrative rules
and keep order with penal law, and they will merely
avoid punishments but develop no sense of shame.
Govern the people with moral force and keep order
with rituals, and they will develop a sense of
shame and modify their behavior.
Other Concepts of Confucianism
智Zhì
子曰：“仁者不忧，智
者不惑，勇者不惧。”
《论语·宪问》
勇yǒng
Wisdom,
The benevolent is
Bravery,
Flexibility,
free from anxiety, the
Courage,
Quick
wise from puzzlement, Boldness,
Understanding and the brave from fear. Fortitude
Other Concepts of Confucianism
智Zhì
Wisdom,
Flexibility,
樊迟问智。子曰：“知人。”樊迟未
达。子曰：“举直错诸枉，能使枉者
直。”
《论语·颜渊第十二》
Wisdom means knowing how to judge
people / to discover able and upright
people.
Being pressed by the straight, the
crooked can be made straight.
Other Concepts of Confucianism
子曰：“君子义以为
上。君子有勇而无义为
义yì
乱，小人有勇而无义为
盗。”
Justice,
Righteousness
勇yǒng
《论语·阳货》
Bravery,
The gentleman
Boldness
prioritizes righteousness.
A gentleman who is bold yet not righteous may
cause trouble. A villain who is bold and not
righteous may commit robbery.
Other Concepts of Confucianism
生亦我所欲也，义亦我所欲也；
义yì
二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。
《孟子·告子上》
Justice,
Righteousness,
Both life and justice are
precious to me. If I cannot have
both, I prefer justice. Mencius
Other Concepts of Confucianism
子曰：“君子和而不同，小人
和Hé
Harmony
Unity
同而不和。 《论语·子路第十三》
A true gentleman seeks harmony
without uniformity. A petty man
seeks uniformity without harmony.
The Analects
孔子论政
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
“为政以德，譬如北辰，居其所而众星共之。 ”
《论语·为政第二》
“He who rules by moral force is like the pole-star,
which remains in its place while all the lesser
stars rotate around it.
Analects
“为政在人，取人以身，修身以道，修道以仁。”
《礼记·中庸》
Administration depends on people. People
are judged by their moral character. Moral
character must be guided to the right path. The
right path is taken with benevolence.
Doctrine of the Mean
孔子论政
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
为政以德
Virtue-oriented Administration
为政在人
People-based Administration
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
子夏为莒父宰，问政。子曰：“无欲
速，无见小利。欲速则不达，见小利
则大事不成。 《论语· 子路第十三》
问政解答
Replies to
questions
about
administration
Do not hurry. Do not be complacent
about minor achievements. Haste does
not bring success. Satisfaction at minor
achievements spoils the realization of
important things.
The Analects
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
季康子问政于孔子，孔子对曰：政者，
正也。子帅以正，孰敢不正？
《论语· 颜渊第十二》
“Ruling is straightening (upholding
justice). If you lead along a straight
way, who will dare to go by a crooked
one?
Translated by Arthur Waley
Reply to
a ruler
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
季康子问政于孔子，曰：“如杀无道
以就有道，何如：”孔子对曰：“子
为政，焉用杀？子欲善，而民善矣。”
《论语· 颜渊第十二》
Reply to “You are there to rule, not to slay. If
a ruler you desire to do good, the people will
do good as well.
Translated by Arthur Waley
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
子贡问政。子曰：“足食，足兵，
民信之矣…… 自古皆有死，民无信不
立。”
《论语·颜渊》
Reply to
a student
Sufficient food, sufficient weapons
and the trust of the people.
Past or present, death is inevitable,
but a government without the trust of
the people necessarily falls.
Confucius’ Statements on Administration
Reply to
a student
仲弓为季氏宰，问政。子曰：“先有司，
赦小过，举贤才。” 《论语·子路第十三》
Let all your subordinates perform their
respective duties, pardon slight errors
and promote men of superior capacities.
分配权力责任 Delegating power and duties
提供弹性空间 Providing administrative flexibility
开发人力资源 Developing human resources
儒家思想与现代管理
Confucianism and Modern Management
Virtue
Goodness
Justice Benevolence
Integrity
Virtue-oriented
Administration
Rites
Trust
Loyalty
People-based
Administration
Application of Confucian Concepts to
Modern Management
德
(Dé)
Virtue
Morality
仁
(Rén)
Benevolence
Humaneness
以德治理，
激发员工的自信和献身精神
Managing by virtue and
inspiring confidence and
devotion in the staff.
以人为本，
对内重视员工，对外回报社会
Putting people first with internal
focus on the staff and external
contributions to society
Application of Confucian Concepts to
Modern Management
和
(Hé)
Harmony
Unity
信
(Xìn)
Good Faith
Honesty
建立企业与社会环境的和谐关系，
实现企业内部的团结
Establishing harmony between the
enterprise and its social environment
and achieving unity within itself
诚信经营，取信于员工，
取信于客户，取信于大众
Doing business honestly so as to win
the trust of the staff, the clients and
the general public
Application of Confucian Concepts to
Modern Management
知人善任，随机应变，
善于捕捉市场信息
智
Knowing how to judge and use people,
being flexible in adapting to changing
(Zhì)
circumstances and good at capturing
Wisdom
market information
Flexibility
发扬开拓创新精神，
勇
敢于开发新产品，敢于开辟新市场
Carrying forward the pioneering spirit,
(Yǒng)
daring to develop new products and
Bravery
Courage
open up new markets
Application of Confucian Concepts to
Modern Management
礼
(Lǐ)
Rites
Etiquette
义
重视商务礼仪，培养良好行为
Attaching importance to business
etiquette and cultivating good behavior,
坚持公平正义，维护职工与客户权益
Upholding fairness and justice,
and maintaining the rights and interests
of the staff and the clients
(Yì)
Justice
Righteousness
儒家思想与现代管理
Confucianism and Modern Management
Implementing
humanity-based, virtue-centered,
harmony-valued, faith-oriented and
vigor-maintained mode of management
by applying Confucian philosophy.
通过运用儒家思想的理念，
实行以人为本、以德为中心、以和为贵、
以诚信为导向的、有持久活力的
管理模式
以人为本的现代管理
Humanistic Modern Management
人本管理的理念
The Philosophy of Humanistic Management
依靠人、发展人——管理的核心理念
Rely on and develop people: a core concept
开发人的潜在能力——管理的重要任务
Tap people’s potentials: an important task
尊重每一个人——组织的最高原则
Respect everyone: the highest principle of organization
凝聚人的合力——组织有效运营的保证
Form cohesive forces: the guarantee for the effective
operation of the organization
以人为本的现代管理
Humanistic Modern Management
Unconditional respect for the dignity of every
person is the foundation for interpersonal
interaction, including any interactions taking place
in business contexts. Humanistic management
criticizes one-dimensional managerial objectives
such as profit maximization.
Robert Bosch
对每个人尊严的无条件尊重是人际交往（包括
商务情境下的任何人际交往）的基础。人本管理对
利润最大化这类单一的管理目标持批判态度。
Gallup poll
Five main reasons for leaving the job:
• No. 1: No respect gained
• No. 2: No participation in decision-making
• N0. 3: Ideas ignored
• No. 4: Give-and-take disproportion
• No. 5: Unsatisfactory salary
Gallup poll reveals that 65% of those who leave
their jobs actually want to leave their superiors.
以人为本的现代管理
Humanistic Modern Management
We here highly resolve that government of
the people, by the people, for the people, shall not
perish from the earth.
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address（1863)
民治
民有
Of the people
By the people
民
People
民享
For the people
以人为本的现代管理
Humanistic Modern Management
The 3-stage Development of Humanistic Management:
1. Focus on human motivation;
2. Focus on corporate culture;
3. Focus on promotion of virtues.
现代人本管理的三个发展阶段：
1、强调人的行为动机；
2、强调培育企业文化；
3、强调推行管理道德。
以德治企的理念
Virtue-oriented Management
The rule of right over might would inspire the
ruled to active commitment to organizational goals
and instill the self-discipline that would produce
peak performance.
Peter Drucker
正义超越强权的治理将激发被治理者主动承担
组织目标的实现，培养自律精神，创造最佳业绩。
Management virtues such as justice,
trustworthiness and integrity are the foundation of
management practice.
Phil Lane
诸如公正、可靠和正直等管理美德是管理实践
的基础。
什么是管理美德？
什么是正义？
What are Management Virtues?
What Is Justice?
美德 Virtue
The utilitarian view 功利观
Bentham 本瑟姆
The deontological view 义务观 Kant 康德
The ‘fitting’ view
适合观
The libertarian view 自由观
Aristotle 亚里士多德
Locke 洛克
The egalitarian view, 平等观 ……
法家思想与现代管理
Legalism and Modern Management
law
Legalism
奉法者强，则国强；奉法者弱，则国弱。
The state is powerful if the enforcer executes the law
strictly. The state is weak if the enforcer does so loosely.
Han Feizi
法不立而诛不必，虽有十左氏无益也；法立而诛必，
虽失十左氏无害也。
If law is not established and punishment is not
administered resolutely, the possession of ten cities is no
good. If law is established and punishment is administered
resolutely, the loss of ten cities is no harm.
Han Feizi
Legalism
law
故当今之时，能去私曲就公法者，
民安而国治。
—— 韩非子·有度
If the ruler today can remove partiality and
execute the law strictly, the state will be well
governed and the people will live in peace.
law
Legalism
法不阿贵，绳不挠曲。法之所加，智者弗能辞，勇者
弗敢争。刑过不避大臣，赏善不遗匹夫。
—— 韩非子·有度
Law should not favor those in high position
just as the yardstick measures everything the
same way. The punishment imposed by law is
not to be evaded by the wily or defied by the
bold. The penalty for offences does not keep
away from high officials. The reward for good
deeds does not leave out common people.
Legalism
law
赏莫如厚,使民利之;诛莫如重,使民
畏之。
—— 韩非子
Reward should be substantial so that
the rewarded benefit noticeably. Penalty
should be severe so that the punished feel
awed.
Legalism
Law
Legislation
Enforcement
Necessary and important
Resolute
Impartial
Fair and just
Severe and awe-inspiring
Legalism
Authority
抱法处势则治，背法去势则乱。
Stability is maintained if law is enforced and authority
is held. Disorder arises if law is flouted and authority is lost.
参疑之势，乱之所由生也，故明主慎之。
—— 韩非子·内储说下六微
Disorder arises from defying and exceeding authority.
A wise king must guard against it.
Han Feizi
Legalism
Authority
小信成则大信立，故明主积于信。
Good faith grows little by little, and an
enlightened ruler builds up his authority by good
faith.
Han Feizi
夫药酒忠言，明君圣主之以独知也。
Sincere advice is like bitter medicine, which
is known only to enlightened rulers. Han Feizi
Legalism
Tactics
有术之主信赏以尽能，必罚以禁邪。
—— 韩非子·外储说左下
A ruler able in tactics makes his officials do
their utmost with credible reward and checks evils
with unwavering punishment.
Han Feizi
Legalism
Tactics
圣人治吏不治民……明主不躬小事。
A sage administers officials instead of common
people… A wise king does not attend to trifles personally.
夫为人主而身察百官，则日不足力不给……故舍己能，
而因法数，审赏罚。
A ruler does not have enough time or strength to
supervise all his officials personally. Therefore, he need not
use his own ability, but should rely on the law and check
out rewards and punishments.
Han Feizi
法家思想与现代管理
Legalism and Modern Management
Reward
Authority
Law
Punishment
Tactics
Administration
by Law
法
Legalism and modern management
对外遵守国家的相关法律法规，尊重法律的权
(Fǎ) 威；对内重视合理完善的制度建设。
Law
Externally abide by the relative state
Rules laws and regulations and internally attach
importance to the establishment of
reasonable and complete institutions.
遵循公开、公平、公正原则，执行各项规章制度 。
Follow the principle of openness, fairness
and impartiality in carrying out the rules and
regulations.
势
Legalism and modern management
树立管理层的权威，做到令行禁止，高效管理。
(Shì)
Establish the authority of the mangers
Authority
Power and attain efficient management with strict
enforcement of orders and prohibitions.
杜绝管理人员争权夺利、推诿责任的现象，做到责权分明 。
Eliminate the phenomenon of managers
scrambling for power and shirking responsibility by
clarifying the power and responsibility of each one.
术
Legalism and modern management
合理使用奖惩两手，扬正气，刹歪风。
(Shù)
Reasonably employ the dual tactics
Tactics
Skills of reward and punishment to
encourage healthy trends and check
evil practices.
一把手无须事必躬亲，应充分发挥管理团队的潜能。
The top leader need not attend to everything
personally, but should bring the potentials of the
managerial team into full play.
Legalism and modern management
Max Weber advocated a management
system based on standardized procedures and
a clear chain of authority, and emphasized the
establishment of a stable & detailed rules and
procedures in order to control members of the
organization.
马克斯·韦伯提倡一种基于标准化的程序和清晰的
权威链的管理系统，强调建立稳定而详细的规章和程序，
以达到控制组织成员的目的。
道家思想与现代管理
Taoism and Modern Management
Taoism
道Tao
道生一，一生二，二生三，
三生万物。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。
老子
Lao Tzu
（570-470 BC）
Tao gave birth to the One; the One gave
birth successively to two things, three things, up
to ten thousand. These ten thousand creatures
cannot turn their backs to the shade (Yin)
without having the sun (Yang) on their bellies,
and it is this blending of the breaths (Yin and
Yang) that their harmony depends.
Translated by Arthur Waley
Taoism
道Tao
人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。
老子
Lao Tzu
（570-470 BC）
The ways of men are conditioned by
those of earth. The ways of earth by
those of heaven. The ways of heaven by
those of Tao, and the ways of Tao by the
Self-so.
Translated by Arthur Waley
道家思想
无为
道常无为无不为。
(wúwéi)
Inaction
Tao never does, yet through it all
things are done.
为无为,则无不治。
Through actionless activity, all
things are duly regulated.
Tao Te Ching translated by Arthur Waley
道家思想
无为
(wúwéi)
Inaction
治大国若烹小鲜。
Ruling a large kingdom is indeed
like cooking small fish.
Note: The less one handles, the better.
是以圣人无为故无败。
Therefore, the sage never fails because
of inaction.
Tao Te Ching translated by Arthur Waley
Taoism
无为
(wúwéi)
Inaction
我无为而民自化，我好静而民自正，
我无事而民自富，我无欲而民自朴。
《道德经》（五十七章）
So long as I do nothing, the people will of
themselves be transformed. So long as I love
quietude, the people will of themselves go
straight. So long as I act by inactivity, the
people will of themselves become prosperous.
So long as I have no wants, the people will of
themselves return to the state of the Uncarved
Block.
Translated by Arthur Waley
无为
Inaction
理想
Taoism
Governing by Inaction.
解读： “无为”并非什么都不做。“无为” 是顺应自然，
遵循民意，避免极端、奢侈及过度干预的做法，有所为有所
不为，实际上是管理理念的至高境界 。
Inaction here does not really mean doing nothing at all. It
means following the natural course and the will of people,
and avoiding extremes, extravagance and excessive
intervention. It means doing some things while leaving
others undone. This is actually a management concept of
the supreme kind.
Taoism
尚水
(shàngshǔi)
Adoring
water
上善若水，水善利万物而不争。
The greatest virtue is like water,
which benefits all things yet keeps a
low profile.
Taoism
尚水
江海之所以为百谷王者，
(shàngshǔi) 以其善下之，故能为百谷王。
Adoring
water
The sea gets its kingship over all
rivers and streams through the merit
of being lower than they, and that’s
the reason for its attainment of
kingship.
Taoism
贵柔
见小曰明，守柔曰强。
(gùiróu)
Valuing
the soft
《道德经 ● 第52章》
Insight lies in seeing what is small and
young; strength exists in holding on to what is
soft and weak.
弱之胜强，柔之胜刚，天下莫不知，莫能行。78
That the yielding conquers the resistant and the soft
conquers the hard is known to all but utilized by none.
道家思想与现代管理
Taoism and Modern Management
Tao
Governing
by inaction
Adoring water
Valuing the soft
Laissez-faire
Administration
Taoism and modern management
道Tao
Tao，the origin of the universe
顺应自然，遵循民意，决策行事能把握
客观事物的本质和规律，避免极端和过度。
Follow the natural course and the will of
people and grasp the essence and law of
the objective reality and avoid extremes
and excess when making decisions and
doing things .
无为
Inaction
道家思想与现代管理
Inaction, Non-interference
最高管理层应充分调动广大员工的积极性和创造性，不
干预中层管理人员的职责，不介入下属的具体事务，但领导
的理念和影响却无时不在、无所不在。
The top management should fully mobilize the
initiative and creativity of the staff and do not
interfere in the duties of the middle-level
management or the specific affairs of the
subordinates, yet their ideas and influences are
present always and everywhere.
道家思想与现代管理
尚水
Adoring
water
Modest, Broad-minded, Keeping a low
profile，soft yet powerful
管理者应该虚怀若谷，严以律己，宽以
待人，高调做事，低调做人。
The management should be modest and open-minded,
strict with themselves but lenient towards others, working
hard and yet keeping a low profile.
在企业处于逆境时，管理者要有以柔克刚、以弱胜强
的坚定信念。
When the enterprise is in adversity, the management
should have the firm belief that the soft can conquer the
hard and the weak can finally defeat the strong.
Daoism and Modern management
The Laissez-faire is the most hands-off management
style, and is characterized by delegation. The manager
will delegate tasks to his team and then have little contact
with them until the tasks are completed or a problem is
brought to his attention. This kind of style is effective in
creative posts or in the organizations where the
employees are very responsible. —— Amie Martin
自由式管理是最放手的管理风格，其特点是放
权。管理者把任务分给他的团队，然后很少与之接
触，直到任务完成，或问题出现。这种管理风格在
创造性岗位或在员工责任心很强的企业是有效的。
西方现代管理学简介
A Brief Introduction to
Western Theories of Modern Management
(Omitted)
中国传统文化与现代管理
Traditional Chinese Culture and
Modern Management
（Summary）
Confucianism and Modern Management
Virtue
Goodness
Justice Benevolence
Integrity
Virtue-oriented
Administration
Rites
Trust
Loyalty
People-based
Administration
法家思想与现代管理
Legalism and Modern Management
Reward
Authority
Law
Punishment
Tactics
Administration
by Law
道家思想与现代管理
Taoism and Modern Management
Tao
Governing
by inaction
Adoring water
Valuing the soft
Laissez-faire
Administration
Traditional Chinese Culture and
Modern Management
（Conclusion）
Legalism and Modern Management
Legalism applies to the
management of newly-established
enterprises and institutions or those in
which situations are complicated and
the staff are made up of people of
widely different social and cultural
background.
Confucianism and Modern Management
Confucianism applies to the
management of enterprises and
institutions in a steady state or those
in which the staff are of good moral
qualities and a sound regulatory
framework is established.
Taoism and Modern Management
Taoism applies to the management
of mature enterprises and institutions
or those in which the staff are of
excellent qualities and they highly
identify themselves with the objective
of the organization and the
administrative ideas of the leadership.
Traditional Chinese Culture and
Modern Management
Legalism applies to the management of the newlyestablished enterprises or those in which situations are
complicated and the staff are made up of people of widely
different social and cultural background.
Confucianism applies to the management of the
enterprises in a steady state or those in which the staff are
of good moral qualities and a sound regulatory framework is
established.
Taoism applies to the management of the mature
enterprises or those in which the staff are of excellent
qualities and they highly identify themselves with the
objective of the enterprise and the administrative philosophy
of the leadership.
中国传统文化与现代管理
Traditional Chinese Culture and Modern Management
Taoism applies more to the management philosophy
for macro control.
Legalism applies more to the management philosophy
for micro operation.
Confucianism applies to the management philosophy
for both macro and micro use.
中国传统文化与现代管理
Traditional Chinese Culture and Modern Management
In contrast, Taoism provides a more
idealistic philosophy of management,
Confucianism a more realistic one and
Legalism a more pragmatic one.
汲取中国传统文化的精华，
实行高效的现代企业管理！
Let’s assimilate the cream of traditional
Chinese culture and execute efficient
modern business management.
谢谢大家！
zuobiao212@163.com