Emma Mawdsley eem10@cam.ac.uk

Gillian Hart, 2009
One history of development
2

Development history with the South as agent
Asian Tigers/NICs
Bandung
Conference
Non-Aligned Movement
Demand for a New
International Economic
Order (NIEO)
 South-South Development Cooperation 

Paradigm shift with the South as (an) agent
Asian Tigers/NICs Global financial crisis;
Eurozone crisis
Bandung
Conference
Non-Aligned Movement
Demand for a New
International Economic
Order (NIEO)
 South-South Development Cooperation
Emerging markets; rising powers; visible and expanding
SSDC

BRICS; G20;
‘reform’ of the
WB, IMF etc

Busan, Korea, 2011

• Contributing approximately 5% global ODA
• Almost entirely invisible in academic debate, textbooks, ‘development’ courses, media discussion, policy analysis …
• Represented only as recipients in global development governance

The (International Development) world in 2000
DAC: The Development Assistance Committee of the OECD (2000)
9

• Overwhelming focus on China
• Range of responses, but much highly sceptical, and some extremely critical
– E.g. Moises Naim (2007): ‘toxic aid’ and ‘rogue donors’
• Expectations of ‘socialising’ the non-DAC donors
– E.g. DAC ‘outreach’

China is prowling the globe in search of energy sources (The
Guardian, Nov. 2005)

MATERIAL development financing
ONTOLOGICA
L development identity
IDEATIONAL development norms

18

A rise in the absolute amount and relative share of ODA/’ODA-like’ and broader development financing

The ‘global’ financial crisis and ‘traditional’ donors
• http://devpolicy.org/end-of-the-aid-boom-the-impact-of-austerity-on-aid-budgets-and-implications-for-australia/

• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the relative price of Southern goods and services

• Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the relative price of Southern goods and services
• Particular importance in some sectors and places http://aiddata.org/blog/howimportant-are-private-and-non-dacsources-of-global-developmentfinance

• PPP and relative price of Southern goods and services
• Particular importance in some sectors and places
• Much more substantial contributions to wider
‘development financing’

http://eurodad.org/1543461/

Indian Lines of Credit
Indian Development Cooperation Research, Centre for Policy Research http://idcr.cprindia.org/blog/lines-credit

• PPP and relative price of Southern goods and services
• Particular importance in some sectors and places
• Much more substantial contributions to wider
‘development financing’
• Above all, offering choice in development financing for partner countries

• Kapoor (2008): national virility, donor identity
• Caring at a distance presumes:
– “the construction of Northern actors as carers who are active and generous and of Southern actors as cared for, passive and grateful” (Silk,
2004: 230).

29
After Hurricane Katrina …Sri Lanka offered aid to the US. Even though it was only a small amount of money, this symbolic act was important for Sri Lanka to regain dignity and to escape from the status of a ‘pure’ recipient country, as a victim country. Now Sri Lanka had become a donor country. It also showed how Sri Lanka could feel compassionate to
Westerners, being generous, within their capabilities, to the distant needy, but also able to rebalance the asymmetric relations that had developed after the tsunami, where
Westerners were always donors and generous, and Asians were always recipients and forced to be grateful
(Korf 2007: 370-1)

First Co-Chairs of the Global Partnership for Development
Cooperation:
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Minister of Finance, Nigeria.
Armida Alisjahbana, Minister of State for National Development
Planning, Indonesia.
Justine Greening, DFID, United Kindgom.

Western donors Southern development cooperation partners
Charity Opportunity
Moral obligation to the unfortunate Solidarity with other Third World countries
Expertise based on superior knowledge, institutions, science and technology
Expertise based on direct experience of pursuing development in poor country circumstances
Sympathy for different and distant
Others
The virtue of suspended obligation, a lack of reciprocation
Empathy based on a shared identity and experience
The virtue of mutual benefit and recognition of reciprocity
Mawdsley 2012

• Ability to set or lead the agenda in a particular field or realm
• Ability to ignore or resist dominant ‘rules’ or expectations
• From ‘norm/rule takers’ to ‘norm/rule makers’

Paragraph 2 of the Busan Outcome Document (2011):
The nature, modalities and responsibilities that apply to
South-South cooperation differ from those that apply to North‐South cooperation. At the same time, we recognise that we are all part of a development agenda in which we participate on the basis of common goals and shared principles. In this context, we encourage increased efforts to support effective cooperation based on our specific country situations. The principles, commitments and actions agreed in the outcome document in
Busan shall be the reference for South‐South partners on a voluntary basis. [emphasis added]

• From ‘ODA’ to Other Official Finance
(widening the construct of ‘development finance’), and blurring/blending of aid with other tools

• From ‘ODA’ to Other Official Finance
(widening the construct of ‘development finance’), and blurring/blending of aid with other tools
• From poverty reduction to (again) economic growth as the central analytic of
‘development’

• From ‘ODA’ to Other Official Finance (widening the construct of ‘development finance’), and blurring/blending of aid with other tools
• From poverty reduction to (again) economic growth as the central analytic of ‘development’
• From social sector (health, gender, education) and ‘soft wiring’ (good governance) to financialisation, infrastructure and productivity

• From ‘ODA’ to Other Official Finance (widening the construct of ‘development finance’), and blurring/blending of aid with other tools
• From poverty reduction to (again) economic growth as the central analytic of ‘development’
• From social sector (health, gender, education) and ‘soft wiring’ (good governance) to financialisation, infrastructure and productivity
– The direction of movement has been towards non-DAC modalities

• Ongoing concerns and criticisms, but overall …
• Consolidation, expansion and growing capacity of
South-South Development Cooperation partners
• Clear signs of approval (and sometimes preference) within partner countries
• Growing real and apparent respect from ‘traditional’ donor community (e.g. rhetorics, partnerships)
• Changing international development ideas, institutions, and governance

New/growing/inherent/specific issues for SSDC:
• Domestic factors
• Financial risk
• Protest and resistance in partner countries
• Squaring ‘non-interference’ with strategic imperatives and ground realities
• Changing identities and interests
• The North fights back

Dilma and Lula
Narendra Modi
Park Geun-hye

“Even India has started giving Billions of dollars of aid to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, far away African countries yet we are accepting aid from western countries. It’s a real puzzle.
Will someone throw some light about this mystery?”
‘Satish’, posted 5 Dec 2012, The Hindu, online

http://www.eco
nomist.com/new s/briefing/21582
257-mostdramatic-anddisruptiveperiodemergingmarket-growthworld-has-everseen

• Fuelling unsustainable sovereign, public and private debt?

• Fuelling unsustainable sovereign, commercial and private debt?
• Badly performing loans/defaults

• Fuelling unsustainable sovereign, commercial and private debt?
• Badly performing loans/defaults
• Corruption
Goodluck Jonathan firing Central
Bank Governor, Lamido Sanusi http://www.economist.com/new s/middle-east-andafrica/21597896-presidentsdecision-get-rid-central-bankgovernor-bad-news-now

May 2014: one Chinese worker killed and 10 others taken hostage in Cameroon by Boko
Haram.

It is naïve to think that there is no danger of imperialism from the East. In world power politics the East has as much design on us as the West and would like us to serve their own interests.
(Jomo Kenyatta, 1965, quoted in Larkin 1971,
138).

For the emerging economies, G20 membership mainly challenges their previous understandings of their role as countries and representatives of the (poor) global
South. Their economic and geopolitical interests which brought them into the G20 only converge with the
[Lower Income Countries] to a limited extent. … A genuinely new joint development agenda based on equality is therefore very unlikely to emerge within the
G20 without more transparency in relation to these realities and without the demystification of SSC.
Gleichmann (2010: 14-15)

• Redefining ODA; expansion of ‘development financing’ vehicles; more open credit and loans for domestic firms and consultancies; (stronger) turn to financial and ‘productive’ sectors
• Mawdsley (in progress); Banks et al (in progress)
• Resistance to reform of global architecture and governance
• Vestergaard and Wade (2013)
• Coopting Southern partners
• Abdenur and Fonseca (2014)

MATERIAL development financing
ONTOLOGICA
L development identity
IDEATIONAL development norms

MATERIAL
Can development grants and loans be sustained?
ONTOLOGICAL
Can Southern identity claim be sustained?
IDEATIONAL
Can traditional
SSDC narrative and modalities be sustained?

MATERIAL
Can development grants and loans be sustained?
ONTOLOGICAL
Can Southern identity claim be sustained?
IDEATIONAL
Can traditional
SSDC narrative and modalities be sustained?
In who’s interests? Will evolving SSDC contribute to just, progressive, equitable sustainable development ?
Where and how does this align with/depart from different Southern and Northern development interests, agendas and practices?