B Have you changed address? Let us know by sending an e-mail to info@innventia.com. CU STOM E R M AGA ZI N E I N NVE NTIA G RO U P # 3/ 2012 Showing the different faces of materials Page 8 Photo: Fotograf Johan Olsson Showing the different faces of materials Working with demonstrators is an excellent way to visualise research findings and thus also to show the possibilities. During the Scanpack fair in Gothenburg on 23-26 October, visitors to Innventia’s stand had the opportunity to see examples of new materials and functions in the form of five exciting objects, each with its own individual expressions. Taking a closer look at these also revealed the fact that each demonstrator could in turn show several different sides of a material. Under Scanpackmässan visade Innventia fem objekt med ett gemensamt tema: ett materials olika ansikten. Temat kommer sig av de skilda egenskaper som kan uppträda hos ett material beroende på hur det är framställt eller bearbetat. Det kan vara paradoxala element vid sidan om varandra eller något som går från ett tillstånd till ett annat, som exempelvis från mjuk till hård, från opakt till transparent eller från glansigt till matt. Känslan av ett material bidrar starkt till ett materials identitet och potentiella användningsområden. I testet ”Ser du vad du känner?” fick besökarna bedöma de nya materialen enbart genom att känna på dem. “Research findings are mostly about figures,” says Marie-Claude Béland, who led the demonstrator project. “If you can translate these figures into something tangible, it’s easier to see the possibilities and to grasp what the research is all about. Working with demonstrators is therefore an excellent way to visualise research findings. It’s also an ideal way to showcase our various competencies when it comes to materials research and packaging development.” Designer Anna Glansén was contacted to create demonstrators with exciting shapes that also convey the properties of the material in question. She worked together with Innventia’s researchers Hjalmar Granberg and Fredrik Berthold to devise five forms of packaging with a common theme: the different faces of a material. This theme stems from the different properties that a material can exhibit depending on how it is produced or processed. This could involve paradoxical elements alongside each other, or something that goes from one state to another, such as from soft to hard, from opaque to transparent, or from glossy to matt. Anna chose to use classic shapes such as the dome, the pyramid, the pentagon, the cone and the cube, thereby giving the various faces of the materials leading roles. contact: marieclaude.beland@innventia.com The feel of a material is important in terms of its identity and potential applications. Many people tried the “Do you see what you feel?” test, a specially devised test based on evaluating the new materials purely by feeling them. Smedpack designs safety New composites make music and buses more sustainable Continued tissue research with focus on performance New method reduces cosmetic damages Visitors at Scanpack were able to take their demonstrator – packaging that converts from a cube into a star using a built-in “hinge” – home with them. Accredited tests guarantee quality and traceability Beyond is published by INNVENTIA AB | Legally responsible for the publication: Birgitta Sundblad (birgitta.sundblad@innventia.com) Editor: Marianne Lockner (marianne.lockner@innventia.com) | ISSN: 1652-6503 | Print: SIB-Tryck, Norsborg INNVENTIA AB Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden Phone: +46 8 676 70 00 Fax: +46 8 411 55 18 info@innventia.com www.innventia.com NWBC 2012 in Helsinki Subsidiaries: Photo: Fotograf Johan Olsson LignoBoost Demo AB www.innventia.com/lignoboost Member of the INNVENTIA group PFI AS www.pfi.no Innventia UK Ltd. www.innventia.com/edge Boosting business with science New composites make music and buses more sustainable Mikael Ankerfors showing the bus seat produced from a new biocomposite. Smedpack designs safety The Smedpack project was launched on 17 September. With a consortium consisting of 23 partners, making it the largest group within VINNOVA’s ChallengeDriven Innovation programme right now, the conference room “Sundbladsalen” at Innventia was quickly filled to its capacity. It was clear that there is significant interest in safety within the pharmaceutical chain. “Smedpack is unique in the way the project includes players throughout the entire value chain,” explains project manager Erik Blohm from Innventia. “We have representatives from companies of all sizes, and from education, R&D, authorities, industry organisations, and so on. Opinions from consumers will also be included for the first time.” Together with his colleagues MarieClaude Béland and Hjalmar Granberg, Erik has worked actively to put together the consortium and to select the right partners for the right parts. With Innventia’s experience of coordinating large-scale EU projects, they understand the importance of this. “An overall perspective is essential in order to tackle the challenge of making the value chain safe,” says Marie-Claude. “The broader the cooperation, the better things are for the consumer. So we’re delighted to have partners on board who are completely independent of the value chain, such as the membership 2 | Beyond #3/2012 organisation Vetenskap & Allmänhet, DS Innovation and the design agency No Picnic.” She goes on to explain that one secondary effect of the project is new cooperation between partners who had never worked together previously. Sixteen of the 22 partners are new to Innventia. So what does creating a safe value chain for pharmaceutical packaging involve? How can Smedpack contribute towards consumer confidence? According to Erik, Marie-Claude and Hjalmar, it’s not a matter of finding brand new safety solutions. Instead, the project will be looking at new combinations of existing solutions. In other words, small adjustments in the value chain that can bring big benefits. “We’re looking at identifying an intuitive solution that doesn’t require a manual,” explains Hjalmar. “In concrete terms, the project is all about achieving simple designs to ensure that tamper evidence and ID codes work together from production, logistics and consumer perspectives. One important question is how we can enable the consumer to play an active part in achieving a safe value chain. We see the end-consumer as part of the solution. After all, it’s the consumer who takes the medicine and might wonder whether it’s genuine. So the packaging solution within the safe value chain should provide clues to give the consumer a well-founded sense of security.” Innventia has in-depth expertise and experience within aspects of packaging technology such as security printing, safety features, materials science, sustainability and perception/usability. As well as acting as project coordinator, Innventia is also responsible for the work relating to packaging and takes a steering role in issues of sustainability and green growth. Investments should only be made in sustainable solutions. Innventia has the expertise and the tools needed to evaluate this. “As an independent integrator, we’re not tied to a single solution,” concludes Marie-Claude. “Instead, we can allow the industry to come up with the best solution. Smedpack is an excellent example of the triple helix model, with society, industry and academia working together proactively to support the innovation process.” In the wake of climate change, the demand for sustainable and lightweight materials that can replace oil-based products has increased. The combination of bioplastics and nanotechnology is an approach that meets the technical demands of replacing oil-based materials with sustainable and renewable ones. In June 2012, the EU-funded project SustainComp held its final open conference reporting on the results achieved throughout this four-year project, which was concluded in August 2012. contact: erik.blohm@innventia.com Med ett stort konsortium bestående av aktörer från företag, utbildningsväsende, FoU, myndigheter, branschorganisationer osv, ska projektet Smedpack arbeta för att säkra värdekedjan för läkemedelsförpackningar. Helhetsperspektiv är en förutsättning för att anta utmaningen och för första gången kommer även synpunkter från konsumenter att inkluderas i studierna. Arbetet går ut på att finna nya kombinationer av existerande säkerhetslösningar, dvs mindre justeringar i kedjan som kan ge stora vinster, inte minst i form av ledtrådar som ger konsumenten välgrundad trygghet. Konkret handlar projektet om att få enkel design av säkerhetsförslutningar och identifieringskoder att fungera tillsammans ifrån perspektiven: produktion, logistik och konsument. Innventia koordinerar projektet och ansvarar för arbetet som handlar om förpackningen och är även drivande i frågor kring hållbarhet och grön tillväxt. Current awareness from the Innventia Group A number of demonstrators of material concepts were showcased at the final open conference in the SustainComp project. Current awareness from the Innventia Group – a succes story from the SustainComp project The SustainComp project aimed to develop new, advanced, sustainable composite materials. The targeted products included nanoreinforced foams used for cushioning in packaging and for display panels, nanostructured composites, aerogels, films and membranes. A number of demonstrators of material concepts were showcased at the conference. For two of these cases, further development is already underway. “We are talking about some very interesting cases where nanocellulose, together with wood fibres, is used to reinforce bioplastics, which are then used for the production of violin fingerboards or the bodywork of bus seats,” says Mikael Ankerfors, the coordinator of SustainComp. In the case of the bus seats, the new sustainable material has the same mechanical properties but is 30% lighter than the current materials. The reduction in weight is of key importance for automotive applications, where weight is one of the most important factors in fuel consumption. Violin fingerboards are currently produced from rare tone woods, such as rosewood and ebony, which are becoming scarce. The new material has properties that are not found in tone wood. It is impervious to moisture and temperature, and is still acoustically excellent. Another major advantage, besides being produced from a renewable resource, is that it can be produced by injection moulding. Normally, 70-90% of the wood is carved away and becomes waste. With the new method, nothing would be wasted. The bus seat and the violin fingerboard are both made from a sustainable material produced using Wet Web Technology, a method created by the SustainComp industrial partner Elastopoli Oy. The company already supplies the music industry with sustainable new composites, and expects the new process to be upscaled to industrial level within the next three years. “The method is suitable for close proximity production, which means that the fibre components can be acquired from nearby sources,” says Markku Nikkilä, Elastopoli. “This increases the sustainability of the production immensely by cutting logistics costs.” According to Markku, Wet Web Technology can also be used for compression moulding of bus seats. If a nanocellulose reinforced composite could be used instead of today’s glass fibre material, weight savings in components – resulting in fuel savings in vehicles – would be made. At Innventia, which has coordinated SustainComp, research and development has so far been focused on the actual process – being able to produce nanocellulose as energy-efficiently as possible – and these efforts have, for example, led to the establishment of a pilot production facility. Now, a great deal of the ongoing activities relate to practical applications such as applying nanocellulose in papermaking. “There is a driving force in the pulp and paper industry to develop new materials in order to reach new markets,” concludes Mikael. “Cellulose-reinforced composite materials are therefore of great interest to the industry.” contact: mikael.ankerfors@innventia.com I juni höll SustainComp sin slutkonferens. Resultaten från det EU-finansierade projektet, som syftade till att utveckla nya, avancerade biokompositmaterial kunde även studeras genom en utställning av demonstratorer visandes olika materialkoncept. I två av fallen – säten för bussar i stadstrafik och greppbräden för fioler – pågår redan vidareutveckling hos företaget Elastopoli Oy. Deras nya komposit av bioplast förstärkt med nanocellulosa och träfibrer har samma mekaniska egenskaper men är 30% lättare än det material som idag används i bussäten. När det gäller greppbräden görs de idag av sällsynt rosenträ och ebenholts och vanligtvis snidas 70-90% bort. Med den nya metoden, skulle ingenting till spillo. På Innventia, som koordinerat SustainComp, fortsätter FoU med inriktning på tillämpningar av nanocellulosa vid t.ex. papperstillverkning. Beyond #3/2012 |3 New method reduces cosmetic damages Continued tissue research with focus on performance Tissue research at Innventia will focus more closely on quality and performance during the next cluster, which begins in 2013. Together with a continued focus on energy and production efficiency, the new research cluster will help to provide companies in the tissue value chain with a strong knowledge base on which to build the high performance tissue products that consumers are demanding today. At Innventia, much of the research is based on a combination of advanced laboratory methods, pilot trials and tests by consumer panels. This provides a road to better understanding of the relationships between basic tissue properties and the perception of qualities such as smoothness and bulk softness. “Innventia has a very powerful tool in the combination of cutting-edge paper technology and a perception laboratory with experienced staff and well-established methods,” says Mattias Drotz, leader of the Tissue Cluster at Innventia. The idea that image analysis and other theoretical methods must be linked to human perception of paper qualities has for decades been a cornerstone of the way Innventia carries out research. Within the Human-Product Interaction (HPI) Laboratory, new methods and tools are being developed which will help tissue research link perception to choices made in fibre quality and process parameters. The influence on fibre morphology and energy efficiency Aron Tysén is a PhD student at Innventia and Karlstad University. 4 | Beyond #3/2012 Innventia is also working to incorporate knowledge from different sources into the continuing work on the correlation between fibre morphology, formation and energy efficiency. One part of this research will be carried out as a postgraduate research project in cooperation between Innventia and Karlstad University, KAU. PhD student Aron Tysén will target the effect of the sheet non-uniformity on dewatering and drying efficiency, by measuring the influence of fibre morphology, process chemistry and operating conditions. This cooperation combines Innventia’s resources, such as the high pressure difference laboratory former, the dry- Cosmetic damage to packaging may not be thought to be important if the damage is insignificant to the use of the packaged product, but when a consumer is faced with a scratched package and an undamaged alternative, it’s easy to guess which one will be left on the shelf. This results in a great deal of waste. In certain countries, such as Japan, the appearance of the packaging is so important that entire deliveries may be returned if a single package is damaged. Finding out what causes scratches and other forms of abrasion damage has therefore become increasingly relevant. ing simulator and the FEX pilot paper machine, with tools such as the dynamic suction box at KAU and the pilot tissue paper machine at Metso R&D centre, also in Karlstad. “This will give Innventia and its cluster members further understanding of how basic parameters can be varied to optimize both process efficiency and product quality,” says Mattias Drotz. “Variations in grammage have a more pronounced effect on tissue sheets and tissue process efficiency than on most other paper products, and the goal for Innventia and the Tissue Cluster is to give our members better tools for making the right decisions.” contact: mattias.drotz@innventia.com När nästa Tissuekluster startar i april 2013 kommer större fokus att läggas på kvalitet och prestanda, vid sidan om energi-och produktionseffektivitet. Mycket av forskningen bygger på en kombination av avancerade laboratoriemetoder, pilotförsök och tester med konsumentpaneler för att få bättre förståelse av sambanden mellan grundläggande materialegenskaper och upplevda egenskaper som bulk och mjukhet. En del av forskningen kommer att genomföras som ett doktorandprojekt i samarbete mellan Innventia och Karlstads universitet, KAU. Aron Tysén ska studera effekterna av olikformighet i arket på effektiviteten i avvattning och torkning genom att mäta påverkan av fibermorfologi, processkemi och driftsförhållanden. Current awareness from the Innventia Group “Companies invest considerable resources in ensuring that their products look attractive in-store,” explains Thomas Trost, who together with Peter Rättö is heading up the TABRE (New techniques for abrasion resistance of printed packaging surfaces) project at Innventia. “Even minor defects such as scratches on secondary packaging can harm the brand, since many forms of shipping packaging are used increasingly often for in-store display purposes.” Here, companies throughout the entire value chain are working together to develop methods that can predict what will happen to the surface when the packaging is exposed to stresses during transportation. The work involves drawing up standardised terminology and a form of damage atlas. It is also hoped that methods can be devised in the long term that are sufficiently usable for quality assurance of a surface. “There are methods for measuring hardness, for example, but how hard or smooth does a surface need to be?” asks Peter. “There’s an enormous challenge if something has been printed in Eastern Europe, then shipped to Asia, packaged and distributed globally. It’s a matter of finding out what will last.” Researchers are faced with a complex picture. Everything is interrelated, from the appearance of the base paper/ substrate, with its fibre function and surface properties, to the composition of the printing ink’s pigment particles, to transportation conditions. One condition for addressing this complexity is the combination of existing methods Current awareness from the Innventia Group for evaluating printability and the testing centre at Kista where transportation conditions can be simulated using techniques such as vibration testing. “We have now succeeded in establishing links between the surface structure and how scratching occurs during transportation,” says Peter. “Being able to make the connection this far back is thought to be fairly unique.” The project ends next summer, but Thomas hopes there will be a continuation. “One interesting line of inquiry would be to study how raised features on packaging such as Braille printing affect conditions – and are affected themselves – during transportation. This is one of the possible cases to look at in any continuation of the project.” contact: thomas.trost@innventia.com Vibration testing at Innventia’s laboratory in Kista. I projektet TABRE (New techniques for abrasion resistance of printed packaging surfaces) utvecklas metoder som kan förutsäga vad som kan ske med ytan när förpackningen utsätts för påfrestningar under transporten. Det är viktigt eftersom många transportförpackningar allt oftare används som display i butiken och även små defekter som repor i en sekundärförpackning skulle skada varumärket. Arbetet handlar om få en enhetlig terminologi och en form av skadeatlas. Det är en komplex frågebild forskarna har att jobba med då många parametrar ska tas hänsyn till. En förutsättning för studierna är kombinationen av befintliga metoder för tryckbarhetsutvärdering och anläggningen i Kista där man kan simulera vad som händer under transport med exempelvis vibrationsprovning. Profile Peter Rättö On 11 May, Innventia gained another docent: Peter Rättö, who – after his teaching test, a lecture on the impact of calendering on surface properties and printability – received his docentship at the Royal Institute of Technology in materials chemistry of coating layers (fibre technology). Naturally, his docentship will mean a greater involvement in scientific contexts. But Peter was already well-known, not least at Karlstad University, where he arrived as a newly qualified doctor in calendering from Innventia in 2001. During his six years in Karlstad – the first four of which were spent working as a Assistant Professor, after which he was appointed Senior Lecturer in surface treatment – much of his work revolved around regional industry and collaboration with board and packaging manufacturers. In the long term, he now hopes to increase his work with the Royal Institute of Technology. In 2007, Peter returned to Innventia. Since then, he has worked extensively with coating, printability, runnability and mechanical properties. Just like many other researchers, he looks forward to each new challenge: “Somewhere lies the answer. By looking at the appearance of a particle, you can see what will happen later on in the process, even though there’s a lengthy stage in between. To take an example from the current project (see the article on this page), the way in which the pigment particles in the coating layer can cause wear during transportation.” Complex problems and difficulties tend to be a source of motivation rather than limitation. Peter sees each challenge as an opportunity to create new knowledge. Perhaps it is these challenges that will continue to drive him in the future. He enjoys going to water parks with his son, as well as pottering around with electronics, working out and cooking. His desserts are particularly popular at home! contact: peter.ratto@innventia.com Beyond #3/2012 |5 Peter Axegård gave a presentation on “Lignin based carbon fibres – recent progress”. Niklas Berglin presented “Co-production of renewable polymers and ethanol from eucalyptus-based pulp mills”. Per Tomani presented “Lignin removal from different black liquors”. Save the date! Packaging 2020 Accredited tests guarantee quality and traceability NWBC 2012 in Helsinki Innventia showcases visions with great potential Promising results with carbon fibre, a major project in collaboration with Brazil, and the latest LignoBoost development: three contributions from Innventia at the Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference 2012 in Helsinki. All three are projects with great potential for production on an industrial scale. Research into the production of carbon fibre from black liquor lignin has only been carried out for a short time at Innventia, but it has demonstrated good technical possibilities for the large-scale production of lignin from black liquor. Carbon fibre has great potential as a construction material – it is light and strong, and is already used in high value fields such as space travel, the automotive industry and sports equipment. “Both the value chains (lignin from pulp mill and the production of carbon fibres from other sources) and many of the processes already exist,” noted Peter Axegård at the conference. “All that remains now is to build the final link between these value chains.” Major joint venture between Brazil and Sweden POLYNOL is a recently launched project in collaboration with businesses and research centres in Sweden and Brazil. The aim is to create effective processes, value chains and logistics for lignin and cellulose. 6 | Beyond #3/2012 “Lignin could even become a staple product,” suggested Niklas Berglin in his address at NWBC 2012. “Lignin has many different applications, and produces the biggest volume in the pulp mill.” The project is also examining the possibility of using ethanol as a raw material for the production of bioplastic formulations, which would give ethanol a new value and would also mean that it could be used in the same value chain as paper and pulp, particularly within the field of packaging. By also using agricultural residues for ethanol production, the production of ethanol can be increased. “Greater use of forest-based ethanol, both as a raw material in the paper and chemical industry and as a fuel, would be highly desirable,” adds Niklas. “The EU is already heading towards limiting the use of agricultural crops for this type of production.” In his lecture, Per Tomani – one of the researchers behind LignoBoost – spoke about the ongoing research to develop the process further. “Our Swedish demonstration facility has currently produced lignin continuously for a long period of time, and this has improved our knowledge of the process. At the same time, we have also developed useful tools for dealing with the differences between lignin from different black liquors.” contact: peter.axegard@innventia.com, niklas.berglin@innventia.com and per.tomani@innventia.com The Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC), is the leading meeting forum for wood biorefinery professionals. NWBC gathers expert speakers from the chemical, energy, pulp and paper industry as well as recognized representatives from the global research community. NWBC is jointly organised by Innventia and VTT. The next event – the 5th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference (NWBC 2014) – will be held in Stockholm, 25-27 March, 2014. contact: birgit.backlund@innventia.com Vid NWBC 2012 i Helsingfors presenterade Innventia tre projekt med hög potential för produktion i industriskala. Forskningen kring produktion av kolfiber från svartlutslignin har bara pågått en kort tid, men den har visat på goda tekniska möjligheter. Mycket av processerna för värdekedjorna kolfiber och lignin finns redan. POLYNOL är ett nystartat projekt i samarbete med både företag och forskningscentra i Sverige och Brasilien. Målet är att skapa effektiva processer, värdekedjor och logistik för både lignin och cellulosa. I projektet studeras även möjligheten att använda etanol som råvara för produktion av bioplaster. Per Tomani, en av forskarna bakom LignoBoost, berättade i sitt föredrag om den pågående forskningen för att utveckla processen vidare. Current awareness from the Innventia Group Accreditation is a quality mark. Using an accredited laboratory ensures that everything is traceable and that analyses and testing are carried out by an independent party. The quality mark also involves many “soft” aspects. Accreditation provides peace of mind for both the client, who can rely on the laboratory monitoring its parameters and continuously servicing its instruments, and the operator, who has the support of documented procedures and descriptions. “One significant advantage with accreditation is reliability,” explains Ewa Lie, Quality System Manager at Innventia. “It’s easy to make comparisons when the work is carried out in strict accordance with the applicable method.” Fredrik Aldaeus and Anna Jacobs work with chemical analysis methods. They also highlight the role of the technical management function, which is part of accreditation, in supporting the development of quality work. “As well as carrying out the review, the experts also suggest improvements,” says Fredrik. “As a result, our operations are continuously developed. Accreditation helps us to build up a good system.” “We aim to work with all analysis methods as if they were accredited,” adds Anna. “In a complex operation with around 200 chemical analyses and 400 assignments per year, this arrangement makes life easier.” Innventia carries out accredited operations at the Chemical Analysis, Physical Testing of Pulp and Paper, Environmental Testing and Optical Calibration laboratories. Its operations are well established, and have mostly existed for almost twenty years. Some methods are more specCurrent awareness from the Innventia Group tacular in nature, such as those for testing base stations that need to withstand earthquakes, but there are also advantages in using an independent laboratory when it comes to simpler analyses. “Many of our customers emphasise the fact that we are an independent player,” continues Fredrik. “For example, many of them could certainly carry out the product safety analyses themselves or within their group, but the fact that we do them brings added value. They benefit from having a document to show that the analyses have been carried out by an independent party and in accordance with accredited methods.” Fredrik says that this accreditation is also an internationally recognised quality mark, since SWEDAC – which audits and carries out the Swedish accreditations* – is in turn audited by an international organisation. contact: ewa.lie@innventia.com * Accreditation takes place at 16 month intervals. Becoming accredited requires an effective management system based on the ISO 17025 standard. För många är ackreditering detsamma som en kvalitetsstämpel. Att anlita ett ackrediterat laboratorium innebär att allt är spårbart och att analyser och provningar utförts av en oberoende aktör. Ackrediteringen ger trygghet till såväl beställaren, som kan lita på att laboratoriet har koll på sina parametrar och gör kontinuerlig service på sina instrument, som till utföraren som kan stödja sig på dokumenterade rutiner och beskrivningar. Den tekniska ledningsfunktionen är också ett stöd att kontinuerligt utveckla kvalitetsarbetet genom förbättringar. Innventia har ackrediterad verksamhet vid laboratorierna för Kemisk analys, Fysikalisk provning av massa och papper, Miljötålighetsprovning och Optisk kalibrering. Innventia Global Outlook Report What? –– International foresight and trend report focusing on consumer packaging Content? –– Global trends and drivers –– Future scenarios –– Expert interviews –– International market survey conducted in Sweden, US and India When? –– Released January 21st , 2013 contact: sofie.nordin@innventia.com, www.innventia.com/packaging2020 Claus Schleiter (DELTA), Anders Engström, Annika Kihlstedt, Torben Jacobson (Innventia) and Ulf Bjerke (DELTA). Innventia and DELTA initiate cooperation Innventia, and the Danish consultancy firm, DELTA, have signed a cooperation agreement concerning DELTA’s Test & Consultancy division with activities in Västerås and Innventia’s testing activities in Kista. Innventia’s laboratory in Kista is currently Sweden’s leading supplier of services within environmental testing, such as vibration and climate tests. DELTA has more than 70 years’ experience in the EMC area (electromagnetic compatibility). Thanks to the agreement, the companies can now offer their customers package solutions within environmental testing and EMC. contact: annika.kihlstedt@innventia.com Beyond #3/2012 |7