INTERNATIONAL POLICY CONFERENCE
“COMPETITIVENESS & DIVERSIFICATION:
STRATEGIC CHALLENGES IN A PETROLEUMRICH ECONOMY”
National Systems of Innovation (NSI): Measurement
and Implications for Science, Technology and Innovation,
Competitiveness and Diversification policies in Ghana
Ritin Koria
14 – 15 march 2011, Accra, Ghana
National Systems of Innovation
(NSI):
Measurement and Implications for
Science, Technology and
Innovation, Competitiveness and
Diversification policies in Ghana
Ritin Koria* & Sabine Köszegi**
Overview
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Definitions of NSI
Graphical representation of NSI
Ghana context – why measure NSI
Triple Helix model types and transition
Advancement of the Coherency of model
Proposed methodology for measurement
of NSI
• Expected outputs
• Conclusions
Definitions of NSI (i)
• · ‘ ..the network of institutions in the public and private sectors whose
activities and interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse new
technologies.’ (Freeman, 1987)
• · ‘ ..the elements and relationships which interact in the production,
diffusion and use of new, and economically useful knowledge ... and are
either located within or rooted inside the borders of a nation state.’
(Lundvall, 1992)
• · ‘...a set of institutions whose interactions determine the innovative
performance ... of national firms.’ (Nelson & Rosenberg., 1993)
• . ‘...the set of set of institutions and economic structures affecting the rate
and direction of technological change in the society.’ (Edquist and
Lundval, 1993)
• . ‘...the system of interacting private and public firms (either large or
small), universities, and government agencies aiming at the production of
science and technology within national boarders. Interaction among
these actors may be technical, commercial, legal, social and financial, in
as much of the goal of the interaction is the development, protection,
financing or regulation of new science and technology.’ (Niosi et al, 1993)
Definitions of NSI (ii)
• · ‘ ..the national institutions, their incentive structures and their
competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological
learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities)
in a country.’ (Patel and Pavitt, 1994)
• · ‘..that set of distinct institutions which jointly and individually contribute
to the development and diffusion of new technologies and which provides
the framework within which governments form and implement policies to
influence the innovation process. As such it is a system of interconnected
institutions to create, store and transfer the knowledge, skills and
artefacts which define new technologies.’ (Metcalfe, 1995)
• ‘The National Systems of Innovation approach stresses that the flows of
technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions
are key to the innovative process. Innovation and technology
development are the result of a complex set of relationships among actors
in the system, which includes enterprises, universities and government
research institutes’ (OECD, 1997).
• ‘The envelope of conforming policies as well as private and public
institutional relations, and their coherent social and capital formations,
that determine the vector of technological change, learning and
application in the national economy’ (Bartels, Voss, Bachtrog and Lederer,
2008).
Graphical Representation of NSI
REGIONAL PUBLIC
LABS
PUBLIC SECTOR S&T USERS
UNIVERSITY LABS
REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
REST OF WORLD INCLUDING
MULTINATIONALS
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL PUBLIC LABS
PRIVATE SECTOR LABS
PRIVATE SECTOR GOODS &
SERVICES PRODUCERS
Flow of knowledge
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Flow of Financing
Ghana Context – Why measure NSI
•
Ghana wishes to raise its country status to that of an Emerging Market Economy
(EME) by 2020
•
EMEs belong to an investment class of their own and don’t appear to nave a policy
process for innovation.
•
Ghana recognises that it has, at best, very poorly configured and inefficient
mechanisms — and at worst, no viable means for analysing, crafting, implementing
and monitoring Science, Technology and Innovation in Ghana’s Industrial Policy.
•
The project addresses pragmatically the lack of coherent evidence-based measures
for policy analysis, policy craft and guiding policy prescriptions and their
implementation in the elaboration of Science, Technology and Innovation in Ghana’s
Industrial Policy.
•
The Government of Ghana recognises that it’s two major policy documents:
– The Ghanaian Industrial Policy (MoTI; Cabinet approved July 2010); and
– Science technology Innovation Policy Document (MEST; Cabinet approved March
2010)
Both do not have sufficient depth in terms of measured and analysed variables of
Science, Technology and Innovation.
•
This project aims to substantiate the two policy documents in their implementation.
Triple Helix model types and transition (1)
TH- type I
Triple Helix model types and transition (2)
TH- type II
Triple Helix model types and transition (3)
TH- type III
Advancement of the Coherency of model
TH- type IIII
Methodology for measurement of NSI
Create Database
of Respondents
Launch Survey
Evaluate Missing
Responses
Verification of
Database
1st Electronic
Reminder
Government Letter Second Reminder
Survey Creation
2nd Electronic
Reminder
Collation of
Results
Sensitise
respondents
Government letter
3rd Electronic
Reminder
Database of Responses
Launch Workshop
4th Electronic
Reminder
Analysis
Expected outputs
• Primary (statistical) output
– Policy analysis
– Policy design
– Policy monitoring
• Secondary outputs
– Co-authored publications
– Policy briefs, papers
– Policy seminars, workshops
– Establishment of cross institutional networks
– Establishing, developing capacity and
capability for the repetition of survey
– Collaborations with international partners
Implications for Science, Technology
and Innovation, Competitiveness and
Diversification policies
POLIC Y
CRAFT
SURVEY
OUTPUTS
INNOVATION
COMPETITIVENESS
DIVERSIFICATION
Conclusions
• Empirical studies of NSI
• (Electronic) Methodology entirely
innovative
• Statistical analysis shows policy options
• Analysis shows value of policy options
– Spatial and temporal application of incentives
• Economic value to evidence-based policymaking
– Ability to track the effectiveness and efficacy of
policy incentives