CHAPTER 5
Organizational Systems
5.1
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ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS
• TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
• ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING
SYSTEMS
• DATA WAREHOUSING
• OFFICE AUTOMATION
• GROUPWARE
• INTRANETS
• FACTORY AUTOMATION
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5.2
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MANAGERIAL SUPPORT
SYSTEMS
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
DATA MINING
GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS
GEOGRAPHIC INFO SYSTEMS
EXECUTIVE INFO SYSTEMS
EXPERT SYSTEMS
NEURAL NETWORKS
VIRTUAL REALITY
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5.3
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BATCH vs. ON-LINE
PROCESSING
• BATCH PROCESSING: Accumulate a
suitable batch of transactions, then
process entire batch
• ON-LINE PROCESSING: Process
transactions as they occur, updating all
files almost immediately
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5.4
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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS &
CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS
• THE DISTRIBUTION OF
PROCESSING POWER TO MULTIPLE
SITES
• TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
NETWORKING BECOMES CRITICAL
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5.5
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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS
• PROCESSING POWER DISTRIBUTED
BETWEEN A CENTRAL SERVER, SUCH AS
A MINICOMPUTER OR POWERFUL
WORKSTATION, AND A NUMBER OF
CLIENT COMPUTERS, USUALLY DESKTOP
MICROCOMPUTERS
• SPLIT IN RESPONSIBILITIES BETWEEN
SERVER AND CLIENT VARIES FROM
APPLICATION TO APPLICATION
5.6
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CLIENT/SERVER SYSTEMS
• BUILDING BLOCKS OF A CLIENT/SERVER
SYSTEM:
– Client: Wants file, data, or service
– Server: Location of desired support
• MIDDLEWARE: Software needed to
support interaction between clients
and servers
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5.7
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CLIENT / SERVER
CLIENT
REQUESTS
SERVER
DATA,
SERVICE
5.8
USER INTERFACE
DATA
APPLICATION
APPLICATION FUNCTION
FUNCTION
NETWORK RESOURCES
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ALTERNATIVE
CLIENT/SERVER MODELS
• TWO-TIER FAT CLIENT OR THIN
SERVER MODEL: Most work done on
client
• TWO-TIER THIN CLIENT OR FAT
SERVER MODEL: Most work done on
server
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5.9
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ALTERNATIVE
CLIENT/SERVER MODELS
• THREE-TIER MODEL: Separate
application and database servers. User
interface is on client (tier 1), processing
is on application server (tier 2), and
data is on database server (tier 3)
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5.10
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TRANSACTION PROCESSING
SYSTEMS
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5.11
PAYROLL
ORDER ENTRY
INVENTORY
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
HUMAN RESOURCES
MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS PLANNING
(MRP)
*
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ENTERPRISE RESOURCE
PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)
• SPECIAL TYPE OF TRANSACTION
PROCESSING SYSTEM
• A SET OF INTEGRATED BUSINESS
APPLICATIONS PURCHASED FROM
A SOFTWARE VENDOR
• USUALLY INCLUDE MODULES TO
CARRY OUT COMMON BUSINESS
FUNCTIONS
5.12
*
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ENTERPRISE RESOURCE
PLANNING SYSTEMS (ERP)
• DISTINGUISHING FEATURES FROM
EARLIER TPS: Modules integrated
through common definitions, common
database. Modules reflect a particular
set of business processes
• LEADING VENDORS: SAP (German),
Baan, Oracle, and PeopleSoft
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5.13
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DATA WAREHOUSING
• ESTABLISHMENT AND MAINTENANCE
OF A LARGE DATA STORAGE FACILITY
CONTAINING DATA ON MANY ASPECTS
OF THE ENTERPRISE
• DATA PULLED FROM OPERATIONAL
SYSTEMS, PLACED IN A SEPARATE “DATA
WAREHOUSE”: Users may analyze data
without endangering operational systems
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5.14
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DATA WAREHOUSING
THREE TYPES OF SOFTWARE :
• WAREHOUSE CONSTRUCTION
SOFTWARE: Extracts relevant data from
databases
• WAREHOUSE OPERATION SOFTWARE:
Stores data, manages warehouse
• WAREHOUSE ACCESS AND ANALYSIS
SOFTWARE: Catalog, query reporting tools
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5.15
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OFFICE AUTOMATION
THE USE OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY TO
AUTOMATE
VARIOUS ASPECTS
OF OFFICE
OPERATIONS
5.16
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OFFICE AUTOMATION
• MICROCOMPUTERS CONNECTED
BY LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)
• WORD PROCESSING AND
APPLICATION SUITES
• ELECTRONIC MAIL
• WORD PROCESSING
• PHOTOCOPYING
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5.17
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OFFICE AUTOMATION
• DOCUMENT PREPARATION
• VOICE MAIL
• DESKTOP PUBLISHING
• PERSONAL DATABASES
• ELECTRONIC CALENDARING
• FACSIMILE MACHINES
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5.18
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GROUPWARE
• SOFTWARE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT
GROUPS BY FACILITATING
COLLABORATION, COMMUNICATION,
AND COORDINATION
• GROUPWARE FUNCTIONS: Electronic
mail, bulletin boards, computer
conferencing, calendaring, group scheduling,
sharing documents
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5.19
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GROUPWARE
• MORE FUNCTIONS: Electronic
whiteboards, meeting support systems,
workflow routing, electronic forms,
desktop videoconferencing
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5.20
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INTRANETS
• NETWORK OPERATING WITHIN AN
ORGANIZATION THAT EMPLOYS THE
TCP/IP PROTOCOL
• USES SAME WEB BROWSER, CRAWLER,
SERVER SOFTWARE AS INTERNET
• INTRANETS DELIVER FUNCTIONALITY
OF GROUPWARE AT LOWER COST
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5.21
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FACTORY AUTOMATION
• NUMERICALLY CONTROLLED
MACHINES
• MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
PLANNING (MRP)
• COMPUTER-INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING (CIM)
• COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAD):
Computer generates plans for parts
5.22
*
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FACTORY AUTOMATION
• COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING (CAE):
Computer generates calculations
• GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT)
• MANUFACTURING RESOURCE PLANNING
(MRP II): Computer consolidates capacity needs
• SUPPLY-CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM):
Controls distribution of raw materials, finished
products
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5.23
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FACTORY AUTOMATION
• COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING
(CAM): Computers control processes
• MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION
PROTOCOL (MAP): Protocol to ensure open
manufacturing system
• ROBOTICS
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5.24
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CHAPTER 5
Organizational Systems
5.25
© Prentice Hall 2002