Presentation on
Energy Efficiency
and
Conservation
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Efficiency And
Conservation
☻ In broad sense, Energy Efficiency means
economising on the use of energy without
adversely affecting economic growth and
development. It includes improving the
efficiency
of
energy
extraction,
Transmission
And
Distribution
and
increasing the productivity of energy use.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Efficiency And
Conservation (contd..)
It is not merely a technological issue but it
encompasses much broader economic and
management issues. The cost effective of
energy conservation/efficiency measures is
well established as one unit of energy saved at
the consumer end avoids nearly 2.5 to 3 times
of capacity augmentation due to plant load
factor, plant availability, auxiliary power
consumption.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation (contd.)
The energy intensity per unit Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is much higher
in India(3.7 times from Japan, 1.5 times
from USA) than many of the countries of
the world leading to high wastage of
energy,
power
shortage
and
uncompetitive product pricing hindering
international trading.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation and its importance
60% of
resources
consumed
so far
85% of raw
energy comes
from nonrenewable
sources and
hence not
available for
future
generation
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation (contd.)
To meet the growing demand, it has been
assessed that additional generating capacity of
1 lakh MW has to be added by 2012 requiring
an investment of Rs. 8,00,000 crore
approximately.
It is estimated that high energy saving
potential in the country approximately to the
tune of about 23% exists for the economy as a
whole while in the electricity sector alone the
energy saving potential is around 25000MW of
installed capacity.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation (contd.)
So Energy Efficiency/Conservation and
Demand Side Management measures can
reduce power demand and prune building
up of additional generating capacity to the
extent it can be conserved.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?
Negawatts win over Megawatts
Economic perspective (National and/or Supplier) :
EE (or Negawatts) are cheaper than Megawatts
EE provides maximum system wide benefits
EE reduces need for imports & scare resources
EE mitigates risk from supply vulnerabilities
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Why Energy Efficiency (EE) ?
Contd..
Customer Perspective :
Utilities come closer to customers, better control
Supply quality and reliability improvements
Lowers impact of tariff rationalisation / increase
Societal Perspective :
Environmental benefits (emissions and wastes)
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Sector wise Energy Consumption
Type of Consumer
Percentage of
Consumption
Agricultural
5
Industry
49
Transport
22
Residential
10
Others
14
Agricultural
Industry
Transport
Residential
Others
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving Potential
Sector
Potential(%)
Economy as a whole
Up to 23
Agricultural
Up to 30
Industrial
Up to 25
Transport
Up to 20
Domestic and
Commercial
Up to 20
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving Potential
contd..
Assessed potential of 25000MW energy saving
Energy Efficiency / Conservation and Demand
Side Management measures can reduce peak
and average demand
One unit saved avoids 2.5 to 3 times of fresh
capacity addition
Investment in Energy Efficiency / Energy
Conservation is highly cost effective
Can be achieved less than Rs.1 crore/MW
Also avoids investment in fuel, mining,
transportation etc.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation Act
To tap the huge energy conservation
potential Energy Conservation Act was ….
 Enacted in October 2001
 Become effective from 1st March 2002
 Bureau
of
Energy
Efficiency
operationalized from 1st March 2002.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
(BEE)
 Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance
standards for notified equipment & appliances.
 Prohibit manufacture and sale of equipment & appliances not
conforming to standards.
 Introduce mandatory labeling to enable consumers to make
informed choice.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
What are Standards and
Labels?
STANDARDS
Energy efficiency standards are sets of procedures and
regulations that prescribe the energy performance of
manufactured products, sometimes prohibiting the sale of
products less energy-efficient than the minimum standard.
LABELS
Energy efficiency labels are informative labels affixed to
manufactured products indicating a product’s energy
performance in order to provide consumers with the data
necessary for making informed purchases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Action Initiated
( Standards & Labeling)
Equipment /appliances approved for notification
include :
 Refrigerators
 Room Air Conditioners (unitary)
 Electric Water Heater
 Electric Motors
 Agricultural Pump Sets
 Electric Lighting & Ballasts
 Industrial Fans & Blowers
 Air Compressors
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Action Initiated
( Standards & Labeling) contd…
Discussions
with
manufacturers
of
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Agricultural
Pump Sets and Motors
Technical Committee constituted to fix
criteria and procedure equipment testing
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Action Initiated
( Standards & Labeling) contd…
Manufacturers agreed to :
Conduct equipment testing under third
party witness
Provide technical basis for the label
Evolve rating plan for the label
Introduce labeling within two months
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Schedule to the Act provides list of Designated Consumers
Designated Consumers to :
get energy audit by Accredited energy audit firms
implement cost effective recommendations
appoint or designate energy manager
comply with energy consumption norms and standards
By regulations BEE to prescribe;
qualification and certification
Manager & Energy Auditors.
procedure
accreditation procedure for Energy Audit firms.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
for
Energy
Action Initiated (Designated
Consumers)
 Governing Council of BEE approved
 To notify of cement paper and pulp and textile sectors as
designated consumers
 To cover units with 5 MW connected load or annual
30000 tonnes of oil equivalent consumption
 National level certification examination and its syllabus
for certification of energy managers and energy auditors
 Engaging NPC as the certifying agency
 To empanel 11 institutions for running certification course
 Procedure for temporary accreditation of energy auditors
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Action Initiated (Designated
Consumers)
Task force in cement, paper & pulp and textile
sectors
formed.
Fertiliser,
chemicals,
petrochemicals and choler alkali under way
Members to achieve the energy efficiency through
best practices, benchmarking, energy audit etc.
Industries motivated through National Energy
Conservation Award scheme
Industries being approached to take commitments
 Industries like INDAL, Rastriya Ispat Nigam Limited, NRC,
Moral Overseas Ltd., BK Birla Group of Companies committed
to reduce energy consumption
 Small group activities focused on Energy Conservation initiated
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
BEE to prepare guidelines on
ECBC
To be modified by States to suit
local climatic conditions
To be applicable to new buildings
having connected load of 500 KW
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
To set up Energy Conservation Fund for
providing :
 Innovative financing
 Promotion of energy service companies
 Research & Development
 Demonstration
 Creation of testing facilities
 Awareness creation
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Important Roles include:
 Implementation of provisions of Energy Conservation Act
 Quick coordination
 Policy research
 Promotion of energy efficiency
 Development of new financial instruments
 Development of ESCOS
 Awareness creation.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Self Regulation
o Section 17 provides power of inspection but Act
enforcement through self-regulation
o Manufacturers agreed to
 Give energy consumption test results for labels
 Setup steering committee with BEE for prescribing criteria for
 Label design
 Standard setting
 Enforcement mechanism
o Designated consumers to publish certified
energy consumption figures in the annual report
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Efficiency investment is highly cost effective:
 Resultant energy saving pays back investment between 6 to
36 months.
 Huge market
 Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) willing to invest with
performance guarantee and recover investment from energy
savings – win-win situation.
 Requires policy support; demonstration; innovative
financing like guarantee, insurance, venture capital; proactive support by Banks, etc.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Electricity Used for Lighting
• Nearly 10% of the electricity is consumed
for lighting in the residential & commercial
building. This amounts to a connected
load of approx. 11,000 MW and annual
electricity consumption of 50 billion KWh.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
CFL Example
Watts
Light
Cost Life
Lumens
Rs.
Hours hrs/day
/Year
Bulb 60
700
10
1000 4
88
CFL
700
200
7000 4
22
15
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
No of
Units
Luminous Performance Characteristics of
Commonly Used Luminaries
Lum / Watt
Range
Avg.
Color Rendering
Index
Incandescent
8-18
14
Excellent
Fluorescent
Lamps
46-60
50
Compact
fluorescent lamps
(CFL)
40-70
High pressure
mercury (HPMV)
Type of Lamp
Typical Application
Life
(Hours)
Homes, restaurants,
general lighting,
emergency lighting
1000
Good w.r.t.
coating
Offices, shops, hospitals,
homes
5000
60
Very good
Hotels, shops, homes,
offices
800010000
44-57
50
Fair
General lighting in
factories, garages, car
parking, flood lighting
5000
Halogen lamps
18-24
20
Excellent
Display, flood lighting,
stadium exhibition
grounds, construction
areas
20004000
High pressure
sodium (HPSV)
SON
67-121
90
Fair
General lighting in
factories, ware houses,
street lighting
600012000
Low pressure
sodium (LPSV)
SOX
101-175
150
Poor
Roadways, tunnels,
canals, street lighting
600012000
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy savings in lighting
System
Make maximum use of natural light (North
roof/translucent sheets/more windows and openings)
Switch off when not required
Modify lighting layout to meet the need
Select light colours for interiors
Provide timer switches / PV controls
Provide lighting Transformer to operate at reduced
voltage
Install energy efficient lamps, luminaries and controls
Clean North roof glass, translucent sheet and
luminaries regularly
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Lighting
 Separate lighting Transformer
–
–
–
To isolate from power feeder
To avoid voltage fluctuation problem
Energy saving at optimum voltage
 Install Servo stabilizer if separate
transformer is not feasible
 High frequency electronic ballast's(30khz)
–
–
Energy savings 30 to 35%
Less heat load into A/C room
 Metal halide in place of Mercury and SVL lamps
 CFT in place of incandescent lamps
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Fan
• Fans are used extensively in summer
months. Use of high efficiency fan motor
and use of electronic regulator (in place of
conventional resistance regulator) can
lead to about 20% saving in energy. The
fans with aerodynamic designs and
improved impellers consume about 20%
less energy but are 30% costlier as
compared to conventional fans.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Refrigerator
• The efficiency of refrigerators in India, is rather
poor. A typical 165 ltr. Indian refrigerator
consumes about 540 KWH per year. Whereas
on the other hand the 200 ltr. Korean model
consumes about 240 KWH per year. High
efficiency refrigerator are not manufactured in
India. This refrigerators use a different
compressor design which are very sensitive to
voltage of electric supply. Unless quality of
electric supply is improved this refrigerators can
not be improved in India.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
 The electric Motors form the heart of
the industries, out of the total motors
in operation 98% is Induction Motors.
Induction Motors consumes 70% of
the total Electrical Energy generated.
 Capacity of
:: Motors α Torque
α V2
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Causes for Energy Loss in Induction Motors
The Various causes of Energy Loss in
Induction Motors are due to the following
factors:
Over sized Motors
Rewound Motors
Improper Voltage
Less Efficient Motor – Driven Equipment
Idle Run
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Over sized Induction Motor
 Sizing of Motors plays a vital Role in Energy
Efficiency. It is very difficult to choose a right size
of Motor in a single step application.
 In any industry while designing the capacity of
motor for a particular application involves
two/three stages. Over sizing of motor is very
common in typical industry
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Over sized Induction Motor (contd.)
The major reasons for over sizing of
motors may be due to :::
Starting torque requirements
Excess cushion & safety factors
Adhoc decisions
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Rewound Motors
• Rewound Induction Motors are common in
Indian Industries. Especially, in Textiles,
Paper industries and Un-organised sectors
such as small Flour mills, Lathe shop and
Agricultural farms. Induction Motors are
used even after more than four times
rewound
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Rewound Motors (contd.)
Reason for loss in efficiency Rewound
Motors :::
Eddy Current loss – eddy current loss is
proportional to the square of the thickness of the
lamination
At the time motor coil burning the temperature of
the winding rises more than 400oC, this
temperature will evaporate the burnish insulation
between lamination of both rotor and stator this
results in increase of eddy current loss
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Presence of carbon: the stator and rotor
core is made up of thin stamping (0.28mm
to 0.45mm). The stamping are insulated
from each other by varnish insulation
coating, which consists of hydrocarbon.
Therefore while motor coil burns varnish
also burns and evaporates. The resulting
deposition of some unburned carbon
between the stampings which deteriorates
the magnetic property and hence the
magnetic loss increases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Further the presence of carbon results in
early magnetic saturation and reduces the
flux density of the stator and rotor cores
for the same magnetisation current.
Usually, the Wrought iron, and Cast iron
have early magnetic saturation and poor
magnetic property because of the high
carbon content compared to Steel. Thus in
rewound motor magnetic loss increases.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Improper Voltage
The performance of any induction motor will be
good, when the voltage/frequency ratio should
be maintained constant. If a 380 Volt 50 Hz
designed induction motor operated with 415V,
50Hz will lead to excess magnetisation loss.
This will be the case in many of the important
motor designed for other frequency and voltage
than Indian frequency & voltage.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Case Study ::In a White Cement Plant
• The DG set is imported from Czechoslovakia as
a package of entire system. The cooling system
pump & motor are the part of the system. In
Czechoslovakia, the motors are designed for
380 volts, 50 Hz supply. But the cooling tower
pump motor(22KW) is operated with 415Volts,
50Hz supply, leading to excess magnetization
losses and excess temperature rise and one of
the motor has already burned out due to
insulation failure.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Case Study ::
Observations :
Surface temperature measured :• 80 % loaded 415V rated motor: 50 – 60oC
• 80% loaded 380V rated motor : 72 – 76oC
• Estimated saving potential
: 8 – 10%
Recommendation:
• The existing 380V, 50Hz motor in the cooling
water pump (4 nos.) was replaced with 415V,
50Hz energy efficient motor which has the
annual savings of Rs. 84000/Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Less Efficient Motor – Driven Equipment
 Earlier for variable speed, welding application
etc., Motor Generator sets are used. This is the
Energy Inefficient practice. This offers a good
scope to reduce energy consumption by using
the latest technology to meet the requirements
 For example the recent method to get accurate
variable speed control can be achieved by using
Thyristor drives which is the ideal replacement
for Ward Leonard drive. Similarly Motor
Generator set is used for welding application.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
• Presently few machines are driven by Ward
Leonard drives for better speed control. From
Energy Efficiency point of view Ward Leonard
drives are inefficient and operating efficiency is
only 70 to 80% for full load condition. The power
measurements indicated that no load power
consumption of the drive varies from 10 to 14%.
The modern Thyristor drives with fine speed
control is popular in Industry and its efficiency is
around 90 to 98%. The no load power
consumption is more or less negligible.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
Idle Run
• In some of the industrial application, the
auxiliaries equipment will run even main
equipment is switched off. There is a
possibility to switch off whenever possible
by incorporating controls like interlocks
and timer based controllers. This will
reduce the idle running time and energy
consumption.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Saving in Motors
 Case Study : In a Rubber Industry ::
 Presently in Preformers, the Hydraulic drives are running
continuously. The time study indicates around 5% of the time in a
day the preformer hydraulic drive is running idle. There is a scope to
reduce energy consumption during Lunch Break, Die Changing,
Material Charging & Changing time.
The Power Measurement Details are as follows :
 Minicrowe Preformer :
18.5 KW
 Idle running Power cons: 4.67 KW
 Crowe Preformer :
30.0 KW
 Idle running Power cons: 7.67 KW
 Recommendation: Recommend to interlock between the rubber
cutter and hydraulic drive motor to reduce idle running during Lunch
Break, Die Changing, Material Charging & Changing time.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Demand Side Management
• The total demand of an area deeps on
varying depending on the time of the day
and the season. The Load Factor is the
ratio of Average Power to Peak Power. A
high Load Factor means lower cost of
generation. Every electric utility tries to
improve the power factor to a value close
to 1.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Relative Generation Cost
Demand Side Management
1.0
Operating Cost
0.8
0.6
0.4
Fixed cost
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Load Factor
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Demand Side Management
• Load management is the concept of
changing the consumer’s electricity use
pattern. Load management has the
purpose of improving the effect of
utilisation of generating capacity and
encouraging the best use of electricity by
all consumers of different categories.
Moreover the forced outages are reduced
and service reliability is improved.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Demand Side Management
• By controlling the load at the consumer
premises the load curve can be flattened.
In this way the power generation by the
low efficiency generation units can be
minimised and forced outages are
avoided. The peak load reduction can
make it possible to postponed the building
of new power stations. In this way
considerable saving can be achieved.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation in Distribution (HVDS)
• Reduction of line losses by replacing smaller
number of larger transformers with larger
number of smaller transformers located nearer
to loads and thus reducing the length of LT lines.
Such an arrangement will result in better
voltages, less outages, increased transformer
life, easier replacement of failed transformers
and fewer consumers are affected by
transformer failure.
• Improvement of power factor to 0.9 through LV
switched capacitor panels on all transformers
supplying to pump-sets.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Smaller no. of Large Transformer Vs
Larger no. of Small Transformer
11KV Line
Large
Transformer
Small DT
Well
Small DT
Small DT
LT Line
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Energy Conservation in Distribution Transformers
• All transformers feeding pump loads to be provided with
remote controlled LV circuit breakers to be operated in
rotation instead of switching off 11KV lines.
• Use of energy-efficient transformers (amorphous-core
transformers) to reduce no-load losses. Typical core-loss
savings are illustrated below:
Transformer
Capacity
Losses with silicon
steel
Losses with
amorphous metal
25KVA
100W
25W
63KVA
180W
45W
100KVA
260W
60W
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Improvement of System Performance
with improvement in Capacity Factor
Generation
Transmission and Distribution
I
Capacity
Factor
0.4
4 Kwh
II
Capacity
Factor
0.6
2.3 Kwh
T&D
Losses
25%
3Kwh
T&D
Losses
15%
2Kwh
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
End-Use
End Conversion
Losses 66.7%
End Conversion
Losses 50%
1 Kwh
1Kwh
Network Planning Through GIS
(Geographical Information System)
o Computer-aided network planning to
minimise losses and maximise system
efficiency
o Accurate measurement of energy
consumed is necessary for energy audit to
arrive at energy conservation measures.
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Need Base Energy Management
• In power sector there is a distinct
difference between “demand and need”
• Consumers of electric power could be
classified into five broad categories.
•
•
•
•
•
Industrial users
Agricultural sector
Commercial organisation
Domestic
Essential services
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Need Base Energy
Management
A Need based energy management would
– Identify the needs of various consumers
– Forecast the generation requirement based
on the need
– Plan power generation as per forecast
– Lay down a suitable transmission and
distribution network
– Regulate distribution as per need
– Monitor matching of need with supply
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Advantages of NBEM
It ensures high reliability of supply to consumers
meeting the specific demand effectively for
period of actual requirement
The system losses can be substantially reduced
since line and equipment not get overloaded at
any point of time
The voltage profile at all level is improved thus
safeguarding the customers equipment from
losing their efficiency at low voltage
The scheme facilitates the adoption of energy
conservation and energy audit policy
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB
Thank You
Energy Management Cell,
WBSEB