ISSUES IN CORRIDOR
MANAGEMENT IN WEST AFRICA
by Yaya YEDAN
Burkina Shippers’ Council
BACKGROUND CONTEXT
•
Regional integration, economic growth and trade facilitation
 there is a political consensus on the need for regional integration within UEMOA/ECOWAS
member states
 Benefits to greater integration : economies of scale, enhancing food security by facilitating
greater intra-African trade in food products, and supporting the development of international
production chains and greater value addition in Africa.
 Transportation : a key tool for promoting regional co-operation and integration
 Good transport system can improve international trade competitiveness of countries.
•
Development of Trade and Transport Policies, Programs , projects and initiatives at
regional level with the view to:
 Enhancing trade-related infrastructure ;
 Improving the “software” of trade : better trade facilitation and logistics services performance,
removing NTBs and putting in place effective transit regimes.
2001 : UEMOA adopted the Community Action Plan for Road Infrastructure and Transport (Programme
d’Actions Communautaire des Infrastructures et du Transport Routier -PACITR)
2003 : ECOWAS and UEMOA adopted the Regional Road Transport and Transit Facilitation Program (RRTTFP)
Decision C/DEC.13/01/03
STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION
•
What has been achieved so far # expectations from policies and measures
 Much of what is needed has already been agreed in the context of African regional trade
agreements/policies/ programmes.
 Despite all these actions facts on the ground show that there are persistent physical and
non physical barriers : the intra regional and international trade.
 the ECOWAS region presents the following governance features
 Very high transport and logistics cost compared to many other parts of the world
 Long delays and uncertainties
 High level of corruption
 Handicap private business and trade; Poor performance of both intra regional trade and
trade in major export markets in the rest of the world
• Implementation failure not solution failure
STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION
 Cost of inter-state transport continues
to be relatively high in West Africa
 It costs 5 times more to transport a 20ft
Container from Tema to Ouagadougou
(1,130km) as compared to moving
same from Newark to Chicago
(1,030km)
 It takes an unpredictable 13 to 22 days,
compared to the highly predictable 5
days
 CORRUPTION makes up about 8.2% of
the total transport and logistics costs
for imports and 2.9% for exports
USAID/WATH, 2010
STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION
• What about the landlocked countries?
 Situation compounded by remoteness from sea and inefficient transit system
 Average percentage of Export generated foreign earnings dedicated to transport costs:
- Coastal countries in Africa: 7%
- Landlocked countries in Africa : 15%
- Rest of the World :4%.
 Transport and logistics costs represen25 to 40% of the final prices of imported goods
 Greater impacts on consumer prices , poverty aggravation
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES
• The challenge : effectively implement agreed policies and create conditions that will result
in deeper market and trade integration and identify ways to maximize the benefits of doing
so and deliver concrete results to the people of West Africa.
• Need to removing regional barriers to trade and creating mechanisms to monitor
implementation progress.
• ECOWAS DECISION A.DEC.9/01/05 establishes a three level institutional framework at the
National, Corridor and Regional levels to remove barriers to the free flow of persons and
goods along our key trade and transit corridors : National Transport and Transit Facilitation
Committees, Corridor Management Committees and the Regional Transport and Transit
Facilitation Committees.
CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING : a tool for effective corridor
management
 A corridor : Key trade route that connects main trade centres- within the same country or
between countries
 Corridors : vectors for trade; and all type of trade:
 for international transit : international trade from overseas, passing through sea port and
destined to country in the hinterland,
 intra-regional trade : between countries of the region
 at the most local level, domestic trade between economic centers within the same country.
UEMOA/ECOWAS identified a set of key regional road corridors
North- South /Vertical Corridors : linking the sea ports to the capital cities in landlocked
countries (Lome-Ouaga, Cotonou- Niamey, Dakar -Bamako, Abidjan- Ouaga, Lagos–
Niamey…)
East- West /Horizontal corridors: linking several coastal countries ( Abidjan- Lagos , DakarBissau…)
Other intra regional trade corridors
CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING
• Measuring corridor performance : objectives : To be able to identify needed urgent practical
interventions and measures in order to overcome the obstacles and barriers to regional trade
Essential to assess whether the system fulfills its role of enabler and catalyst of development, or
if it there are issues that needs fixing at two different but imbricated levels: corridor efficiency
and program implementation
 That measure must reconcile two different perspectives on the corridors:
 the perspective of the user (trader/logistics service provider) : primarily concerned by the
impact of corridors inefficiencies on its competitiveness/final costs business potential,
through the cost of moving goods, the time duration associated to this movement, and also the
uncertainties on the delays t
 the perspective of the policy makers who have the responsibility to ensure the long term
adequacy between the demand and the offer, expressed by the characteristics of the
infrastructure and the logistics services delivery.
• Performance measured over time through set of core indicators : knwoledge , facts for
advocacy and better policy making
CORRIDOR PERFORMANCE MONITORING
• Transport and logistics performance data is critical to identify and prioritize policy interventions to
reduce trade costs along key corridors within the region :
 Infrastructure development
 regulatory or institutional reform
 Improvement of transport and logistics services
Core
indicators : measurement of the various dimensions of corridor efficiency.
.
Different level of complexity : Basic/ analytical
Volumes
Time & Uncertainties
Prices & Costs
Services & infrastructures
• By corridor components (Modes & Nodes)
• Trade types
• Processing time, idle time
• Distribution of delays and uncertainties
• Cost factors of operators
• Total logistics costs to the trader / shipper
• Quality and capacity
• Efficiency and capability
CORRIDOR MONITORING INITIATIVES IN WEST AFRICA
THE OPA/ IRTG INITIATIVE
The Observatory for Abnormal Practices ( OPA) =The Improved Road Rad Transport
Governance (IRTG)
Mandate : OPA is a UEMOA/ECOWAS coordinated Project aimed at collecting data on
selected abnormal practices experienced alongside key interstates corridors in West Africa,
publish and disseminate results to the general public and the decision makers and undertake
advocacy in order to trigger positive changes.
OPA activities started in 2006 ; supervised by the UEMOA Commission with the financial and
Technical support of the USAID Trade Hub
OPA : 3 core indicators:
 Number of check points including border posts manned by official agencies (customs,
police gendarmerie , health and forestry, immigration )
 Time taken to conduct controls at check points (delays)
 Bribes/ unofficial payment collected at check points (bribes)
CORRIDOR MONITORING INITIATIVES IN WEST AFRICA
Main partners
The haulage drivers
The national Focal point in each country :
National Coordinator :
UEMOA Commission
The USAID /West Africa Trade Hub Trade
Geographical scope: OPA currently 8 Corridors
started with Tema –Ouagadogou pilot corridor and was gradually extended to 7 others :
Lome – Ouagadougou/Dakar-Bamako/Abidjan- Ouaga/ Abidjan-Bamako/ Bamako- Ouaga via
Koury/ Ouaga – Bamako via Hermankono/Niamey-Cotonou/
Ongoing extension process; Dakar- Bissau, Cotonou – Ouaga, Lome- Niamey …
Quaterly reports publication/ road show and avocacy:
THE OPA Road Governance MAP
(Source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
THE OPA Road Governance MAP (2012)
(Source: USAID/WATH, 2012)
CORRIDOR MONITORING INITIATIVES IN WEST AFRICA
THE ALCO (Abidjan -Lagos Corridor Organization)
ALCO is an ECOWAS project supported by the World bank that evolved into an ECOWAS
established corridor management institution. started its activities in 2007.
Mandate: Collection, processing and publication of reports on selected indicators in order to
reduce trade and transport barriers in the ports and on the roads and reduce HIV prevalence
along the Abidjan-Lagos corridor
ALCO Core indicators : port dwell time, border crossing time, number of roadblocks, road
condition, and conduct of HIV/AIDS awareness & prevention with transporters
Currently (2010 – 2016) benefits from the support of the World Bank ALTTFP (Abidjan – Lagos
Transport and Transit Facilitation Project).
Geographical scope: 5 countries: Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria
Partners: ALCO permanent secretariat and borders offices, custpms administration in port
and at borders, drivers, clearing agents, port administration, NFC
Publication of periodic reports, advocacy activities
I. INTRODUCTION
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES:LESSONS LEARNT AND RESULTS ACHIEVED
• Sound and tested methodology: Reviewed and improved upon through “trial and error” and
stakeholders interaction
• Sustained and ongoing data collection and processing efforts
• Sustained reports production and dissemination to the general public and to the decision
makers
• Availability of set of “reliable” and “neutral” data within both ALCO and OPA member
states
• Increase awareness of stakeholders on acuteness of transport and trade related issues
• Collection of bases line data and monitoring of how they evolved over time
CORRIDOR MONITORING INITIATIVES IN WEST AFRICA
• Development of tool for assessment and comparing countries and corridors performance
 Comparison between corridors (OPA)
 Comparison between countries on the same corridor (OPA, ALCO) ;
 Comparison between countries on different corridors (OPA)
• Benchmarking opportunity
• Ecowas/Uemoa Corridors performance can now be compared to that of other parts of the continent/world
for selected indicators
• Potential for effective Evidence- based advocacy through various activities and with the
involvement of the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), the National Transport and Transit Facilitation
Committees (NFCs), the public control agencies (police, gendarmerie customs, forestry services,
immigration)
Regional comparison (# of Controls) ….
Nombre de contrôles aux 100 km - 1er trimestre 2013
3
Autre
Gendarmerie
2
Autre
Gendarmerie
Gendarmerie
Police
Gendarmerie
Police
Police
1
Gendarmerie
Police
Douane
Douane
Douane
Police
Police
Police
Gendarmerie
Douane
Police
Douane
Douane
0
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
Douane
Ghana
Mali
Sénégal
Togo
Bénin
Niger
Evolution (# of Controls) ….
Nombre de contrôles aux 100 km
5
Mali
4
Sénégal
Côte d'Ivoire
3
Burkina Faso
Niger
2
1
Ghana
Togo
Bénin
20
09
-T
2
20
09
-T
3
20
09
-T
4
20
10
-T
1
20
10
-T
2
20
10
-T
3
20
10
-T
4
20
11
-T
1
20
11
-T
2
20
11
-T
3
20
11
-T
4
20
12
-T
1
20
12
-T
2
20
12
-T
3
20
12
-T
4
20
13
-T
1
0
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
Regional Comparison (Bribes) ….
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
Evolution (Bribes) ….
Prélèvements illicites aux 100 km (CFA)
10 000
Côte d'Ivoire
8 000
Mali
6 000
Sénégal
4 000
Burkina Faso
2 000
Niger
Togo
Bénin
Ghana
0
2009-T2 2009-T3 2009-T4 2010-T1 2010-T2 2010-T3 2010-T4 2011-T1 2011-T2 2011-T3 2011-T4 2012-T1 2012-T2 2012-T3 2012-T4 2013-T1
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
Regional Comparison (Delays) ….
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
Evolution (Delays) ….
Temps de contrôle aux 100 km (min)
35
Niger
Mali
30
Côte d'Ivoire
25
Sénégal
Burkina Faso
20
15
Ghana
10
Togo
5
Bénin
(source: USAID/WATH, 2013)
-T
1
13
20
-T
4
20
12
-T
3
12
20
20
12
-T
2
-T
1
12
20
-T
4
20
11
-T
3
11
20
20
11
-T
2
-T
1
11
20
-T
4
20
10
-T
3
10
20
20
10
-T
2
-T
1
10
20
-T
4
20
09
-T
3
09
20
20
09
-T
2
0
Number of Roadblocks Compared
to Baseline Data
39
32
31
28
25
18
17
13
16
13
11
11
9
9
7
7
6
3
COTE D'VOIRE
GHANA
3
2
TOGO
BASELINE
YEAR 1
BENIN
YEAR 2
YEAR 3
NIGERIA
Number of Roadblocks per 100km
30
18
15
13
10
8
5
6
5
4
3
2
3
COTE D'VOIRE
GHANA
3
2
Target
TOGO
YEAR 1
9
YEAR 2
BENIN
YEAR 3
NIGERIA
CORRIDOR MONITORING INITIATIVES IN WEST AFRICA
• Shaping of a new pattern for co-operation between public officials /decision makers
and the private sector/private sector organization, in line with Borderless Alliance
Vision.
• Evidence and knowledge versus perception and guess: data collected has enabled:
 Confirmed certain guesses
 Corrected and changed certain perceptions (ex; bribes collected at check points and borders by officials
represents only 10% of the total bribes collected, the remaining is collected at sea ports and on
logistics terminal in the hinterland.
• Helped achieved notable positive changes on some corridors or in some countries:
 Official removal of police and gendarmerie check points on the Lome Cinkanse segment of the Lome –
Ouaga corridors
 Remarkable reduction of number of checks points on the Abidjan –Ouaga and Dakar – Bamako
corridors Significant Reduction of the number of check points on the ALCO corridors
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES : MAIN CHALLENGES
•
•
•
•
Limitation of the OPA methodology: “legal truck” versus all trucks
Limited geographical scope/type of trade
Limited number of core indicators monitored
Sustainability of the data collection process:
 Huge dependency on partners technical support
 Need to design ways to secure drivers’ long term mobilization and co-operation in the data collection
process- OPA/OCAL
• Financial sustainability:
 Huge dependency on donors’ fundings and Needs to device endogenous funds (Uemoa/Ecowas
Commisions, other regional players AfDB, stakeholders – logistics services providers);
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES : MAIN CHALLENGES
• Institutional arrangements: needs for strengthening and probable
clarification/formalization
 ALCO set up as corridor management institution.
 OPA: From project to established permanent body
• How to optimize capacity to trigger positive changes and sustained progress :
 Progress not matching expectations of private sector, road users:
 Slow pace of progress : reduction of number and check points, delays and bribes
 Uneven pace of changes amongst countries and reversible nature of progress
 Limited impact of advocacy activities conducted
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES : THE WAY FORWARD
• Extension of the scope of observation and monitoring activities to cover all the
components of the logistics chain (ports, logistics platform in the hinterland) and other
modes of transport. Need to ensure all inefficiencies are identified and root caused
assessed
• Define a set of harmonized core indicators to monitor at regional level by both initiatives.
• Need to design and implement a more vigorous, results- focused advocacy strategy with
private sector active participation
• Harmonize methodology of data collection and processing and enhancing cooperation on
sharing primary data
• Optimize use of data/outputs available from IT system of states agencies, logistics services
providers and other stakeholders involved in the port clearance, border crossing and
inland destination clearance processes.
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES : THE WAY FORWARD
• Need to introduce/optimize use of satellite monitoring data
• Device methodology to monitor performance of both intra- regional trade including value
chains of key specific commodities as well as international transit trade
• Need to work towards the setting up on a Regional Transport and Facilitation Observatory
• Encompass other issues in respect of :
 Corridor efficiency :
• Port Efficiency :Port Traffic, Dwell/Turn Around Time, Volumes
• Transit Indicators :Travel Times & Costs (formal, informal)
• Border Crossing: Time/cost per process stage; Traffic flow/count
• Harassment: various dimensions such as Gender, informal trade, etc)
• Road Condition: Classification/Categorization; Roughness Index; interventions
• Climate Change/Transport Emissions
OPA/ALCO INITIATIVES : THE WAY FORWARD
 Programme implementation
• Preferential Trader Schemes: Authorized Economic Operator Schemes, ETLS, etc Risk Management, Green
Channel Treatment
• Procedure/Documentation Reforms :Single Windows, Integrated Border Management<Customs
Interconnectivity. Single ISRT bond
• Sector/Commodity/Services performance : Agricultural, Trade
• Axle Load, Road Safety, Crime/Terrorism
• Cargo/Freight Management – cargo sharing, queuing, vehicle types, fleet renewal, Condition of entry in the
road transport sub sector, etc
• Needs to strengthen ALCO capacity and establish permanent corridor monitoring
institutions on the OPA corridors
• Need to reinforce the co-operation between corridor monitoring initiatives and NFCs
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION
Yayaa YEDAN
Country Representative of Burkina Shippers’ Council i n Ghana
P.O Box TT 523 Tema New Town
1st Floor Burkina Building , Agencies Block, Tema Port
Tél/ Cel : (233) 20 816 30 16
Office Tel/ fax: (233) 303 20 23 92
E.mail: yedanyaya@yahoo.fr
E-mail : yedan.yaya@cbc.bf