Mike Hightower
Energy Surety Engineering and Analysis Department
Sandia National Laboratories
Albuquerque, NM
Phone: 505-844-5499
Cell phone: 505-850-8630
Email: mmhight@sandia.gov
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

• Southwest Army base served by two feeders
• May 2002 forest fire took out both feeders
• Base down for 16 hours
– Est. cost $3M
– Loss of mission capability
• During hurricanes in 2005 base power outages of 3 weeks
• Southwest semiconductor plant served by two feeders
• Forest fire 2005 takes out both feeders
• Chip fab shuts down for 3 months
• High-value customers cancel orders due to delay
• Economic loss forces plant to shut down permanently
• Competitor with on-site generation and storage was down less than one day

With distributed generation and storage, electric power can be provided when the grid is down
X
Substation
Transmission
Loads
Distribution
Generator
Storage and generation on load side sized to match electric power performance needs

st
• Major Issues and Challenges
– Future electric grid incorporating extensive distributed generation will require more complex system control and integration to ensure energy safety, security, and reliability including:
• Real-time or near real-time assessment, control, and optimization of extensive distributed generation resources while maintaining power quantity and quality
• Significantly improved control system cyber security
• Improved intermediate and large-scale energy storage technologies to maintain renewable energy delivery reliability
• Bidirectional power flow requires new advanced safety standards for distributed generation connection and operation in grid-tied and islanded modes
• System control and hardware design and operational standards scalable for micro, intermediate, and utility-scale grid applications
• Extensive testing and monitoring of control and operations approaches to verify cost and performance to reduce operational and safety risks to utilities and the public

Energy Surety Elements
Safety Safely supplies energy to end user
Security Maintains power in a malevolent environment
Reliability Maintains power when and where needed
Sustainability It can be maintained for mission duration
Cost Effectiveness Produces energy at lowest predictable cost
Distributed Infrastructures (like the Energy Infrastructure) are Hard to Protect

Characterize
Facilities
Define
Threats
P
A
Risk = P
A x (1-P
E
) x C
Determine C
Consequences
Identify
Safeguards
P
E
Analyze
System
Compare to System
Protection and
Performance Goals
R Risk
Sufficient
Protection
Y
?
N
End Until Change
Make Changes & Reassess

Center for
Control System
Security
Grid
Sandia Distributed Energy
Technology Laboratory
480V Microgrid
Other Remote
DER sites
Distributed Energy Resources
Various Loads

Objective
To address current shortcomings of power reliability and security, Sandia is investigating advanced microgrid approaches to locate more secure and robust distributed energy generation and storage sources near loads as a way to better manage power generation and to improve overall power reliability and security. Microgrids are equally applicable to military, industrial, and utility distribution applications.
Life-cycle Funding
Summary ($K)
FY 09 to
FY 11
FY12, authorized
FY13, requested
Out-year(s)
~$2000K $870K $1000K $1000K
Technical Scope
Sandia’s microgrid research utilizes smart grid technologies to enable distributed energy generation and storage to be operated in both
‘grid-tied and ‘islanded’ modes. This enables energy demand/response management, increased use of distributed and renewable energy technologies, and improved cost-effectiveness, and reliability. The program leverages DoD, DOE, and industry funding to develop and evaluate smart grid technologies at DoD and other sites and testbeds. December 2008
8

Studio
Substation
Studio 14 Feeder
(12.47 kV)
115 kV System Utility
Other Load
And PV
Residential
(under construction)
PNM Project
• Large-scale PV (500 kW)
• Large-scale Storage
250 kW 4 hr. energy battery
500 kW, 40 min power battery
• Smart Grid / SCADA integration
NEDO Project
• Energy storage (small)
• Gas Engine (240 kW)
• Fuel Cell (80 kW)
• PV (50 kW)
• Demand response?
100 kW Dummy load
Electric Chiller/Thermal storage
• MicroGrid
Helping to accelerate Commercial Smart Grid Testing

 Consequence modeling shows that significant reliability and security improvements available with advanced microgrids
• Automated microgrids show great flexibility - control, safety, and cyber security issues are not insurmountable
• Can improve energy reliability in remote areas and on congested feeders
 Advanced microgrids able to operate “islanded” and “grid – tied” can greatly improve the ROI of distributed energy
• Demand/response and ancillary services opportunities can be significant
• Combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) have large potential
 Multiple microgrids are often the best energy reliability approach at bases (coupling/networking can be even more beneficial and cost effective)
December 2008
10

PEARL HARBOR /
HICKAM AFB
CIRCUIT LEVEL
DEMONSTRATION
• Renewables (20% PV)
• Storage – Flow battery
• Energy Management
• Peak Shaving
• 1 MW
• Demo Dec 2012
FT CARSON
ADVANCED
MICROGRID
• Large Scale PV
(50% )
• Vehicle-to-Grid
• Only Critical
Assets
• CONUS Homeland
Defense Demo
• 3MW
• Demo May 2013
CAMP SMITH
ENERGY ISLAND
• Entire Installation
Smart Microgrid
• Islanded
Installation
• High Penetration of
Renewables
• Demand-Side
Management
• Redundant Backup
Power
• Makana Pahili
Hurricane Exercise
• 4 MW
• Demo Mar 2014
TRANSITION
• Template for DoDwide implementation
• CONOPS
• TTPs
• Training Plans
• DoD Adds Specs to GSA Schedule
• Transition to
Commercial
Sector
• Transition Cyber-
Security to
Federal Sector and Utilities
CYBER-SECURITY
December 2008

 From Miloitary Base Evaluations
• Advanced microgrid Concept of Operations (CONOPS) developed for broad range of microgrid sizes (FY09-FY12)
• Defined approaches and costs for addressing critical mission, priority, and non-priority loads (FY09-FY12)
• Developing training manuals and guidance on advanced microgrids evaluation and conceptual design with West Point (9/12)
 From Microgrid Testing and SPIDERS program
• Four final designs to assess if major improvements in conceptual designs are needed (FY12) and assess operational issues (10/12-FY14)
• Developed microgrid cyber security strategy (FY11)
 DoD compliant, working on CyberCOM and NSA approval
• Evaluating protective relaying design for safety (5/12)
• Integrated Dynamic Simulation Consequence modeling to enable stakeholder input for critical and priority load shedding issues (FY11)
12

• Energy Surety Microgrids are an example of energy risk management - matching energy supply reliability and security within a community energy assurance context
• Consequence analysis and assessment can illustrate the effect of energy improvements on critical mission capability
– Different from stating 9’s of reliability – which does not factor in the erosion of critical energy needs for extended outages
• Supports energy assurance for extended operations as needed during either loss of utility power or as a stand alone small distributed energy grid
• Permits integration of renewables and storage into power supply infrastructure for ‘islanded’ and ‘grid-tied’ operations to increase electric power system safety and reliability to meet community critical energy needs