NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability
9rd December 2014
Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal
5th October 2007
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Reader Emeritus in Environmental Sciences k.tovey@uea.ac.uk
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NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability
Access to this presentation and numerous links relating to Energy may be found at
http://www2.env.uea.ac.uk/energy/energy.htm or
http://www.uea.ac.uk/~e680/energy/energy.htm
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NBS-3B1Y Strategic Corporate Sustainability
• Links to Energy Related Sites
• Powerpoint Presentation of Energy Supply at UEA and
Strategies for Low Carbon at UEA [this presentation]
• Video Clips of Biomass System and also Carbon Footprinting
of BBC Studios - [given today]
• Powerpoint of challenges facing UK Energy Supply – [given
tomorrow]
• Recent Government Documents on Energy including
Consultations and responses by N.K.Tovey
• Papers written by N.K. Tovey relating to Energy and Carbon
including reports on UEA Energy
• Sustainability Report relating to several branches of an
International Bank.
• Return to Main UEA Energy Page
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Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia
• Today’s Session
• Introduction and Background to Energy Supply at UEA
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics, CHP, Adsorption chilling
– Biomass Gasification
• Tomorrow’s Session
• Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK
• The Energy Tour – ensure you are not wearing open
sandals/shoes
– Elizabeth Fry building & ZICER
• Questions & Answers
• If time permits: - FRACKING – A solution to UK Energy
Problems or an unacceptable step too far?
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Original buildings
Teaching wall
Library
Student
residences
5
History of Energy Supply at UEA
• Early 1960s: central boiler house built with three 8MW
boilers providing water at 105 – 115o C at 10 bar pressure to
circulate around the campus.
• Fuel used: heavy residual oil
• 1984: small 4 MW boiler was added
• 1987: interruptible gas was provided so boiler could run on
either heavy fuel oil or gas.
• 1997/8: one 8 MW boiler removed and 3 1 MW CHP plants
installed
• 2002: remaining heavy fuel oil provision converted to light
oil
• 2006: Absorption Chiller installed
• 2010: Biomass Plant installed
• Most buildings on campus have heat provision from central
boiler house.
– Exceptions: Elizabeth Fry, Queens, EDU, Nelson Court,
Constable Terrace.
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Nelson Court楼
Constable Terrace楼
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Low Energy Educational Buildings
Nursing and
Midwifery Thomas Paine Study Centre
School
Medical School Phase 2
ZICER
Elizabeth Fry
Building
Medical School
8
Constable Terrace - 1993
• Four Storey Student Residence
• Divided into “houses” of 10
units each with en-suite facilities
• Heat Recovery of body and cooking
heat ~ 50%.
• Insulation standards exceed 2006
standards
• Small 250 W panel heaters in
individual rooms.
Electricity Use
Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace
12%
21%
140
Appliances
120
Lighting
100
MHVR Fans
MHVR Heating
18%
Panel Heaters
Hot Water
18%
Kg/m2/yr
14%
80
60
40
20
0
17%
UEA
Low
Medium
9
Educational Buildings at UEA in 1990s
Queen’s Building 1993
Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Elizabeth Fry Building Employs Termodeck principle and uses ~
25% of Queen’s Building
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The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~20% of average building
at time.
Significantly outperforms even latest Building Regulations.
Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
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2
Toplam Enerji Tüketimi (kWh/m /yıl)
Conservation: management improvements
140
120
Heating/Cooling
Hot Water
Electricity
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
.
12
Comparison with other buildings
250
gas
electricity
thermal comfort +28%
150
2
kWh/m /yıl
200
User Satisfaction
100
50
0
Elizabeth Fry
Low Energy
Energy Performance
Average
air quality
+36%
lighting
+25%
noise
+26%
A low Energy Building is also
a betterDioxide
place toPerformance
work in.
Carbon
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ZICER Building
Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by
careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach
to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
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The ground floor
open plan office
The first floor open
plan office
The first floor
cellular offices
15
The ZICER Building –
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass
• Air tight
• High insulation standards
• Triple glazing with low emissivity ~
equivalent to quintuple glazing
16
Operation of Main Building
Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air
ducts to the space
Incoming
air into the
AHU
Regenerative heat
exchanger
17
Operation of Main Building
Filter
过滤器
Heater
加热器
Air passes through
hollow cores in the
ceiling slabs
空气通过空心的板层
Air enters the internal occupied space
空气进入内部使用空间
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Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation
Heat Requirement.
Space for future
chilling
将来制冷的空间
Out of the
building
出建筑物
The return air passes
through the heat
exchanger
空气回流进入热交换器
Return stale air is extracted from
each floor 从每层出来的回流空气
19
Fabric Heating/Cooling:
Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Winter
Day
Warm air
Heat is transferred to the air
before entering the room
Slabs store heat from appliances
and body heat.
热量在进入房间之前被传递
到空气中
板层储存来自于电器以及人
体发出的热量
Air Temperature is
same as building fabric
leading to a more
pleasant working
environment
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Fabric Heating/Cooling:
Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cold air
Winter
Night
Heat is transferred to the air
before entering the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into
room
In late afternoon
heating is turned off.
热量在进入房间之前被传递到
空气中
板层也把热散发到房间内
Cold air
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Fabric Heating/Cooling:
Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Cool air
Summer
night
Draws out the heat accumulated
during the day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool
store the following day
night ventilation/
free cooling
把白天聚积的热量带走。
冷却板层使其成为来日的冷
存储器
Cool air
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Fabric Heating/Cooling:
Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of
the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Warm air
Summer
day
Slabs pre-cool the air before
entering the occupied space
concrete absorbs and stores heat
less/no need for air-conditioning
空气在进入建筑使用空间前被
预先冷却
混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量
以减少/停止对空调的使用
Warm air
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Energy Consumption (kWh/day)
能源消耗（kWh/天）
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
Space Heating
Consumption reduced
by 57%
1000
800
800
600
400
350
200
0
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
Original Heating Strategy
New Heating Strategy
原始供热方法
新供热方法
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Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
与其他建筑相比ZICER楼的能量需求
自然通风
221508GJ
54%
28%
51%
使用空调
384967GJ
34%
建造
209441GJ
Materials Production 材料制造
Materials Transport 材料运输
On site construction energy 现场建造
Workforce Transport 劳动力运输
Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
基本功暖/供冷能耗
Functional Energy 功能能耗
Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗
Demolition Energy 拆除能耗
29%
61%
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Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
300000
ZICER
250000
Naturally Ventilated
GJ
200000
Air Conditrioned
150000
100000
50000
0
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
80000
Years
GJ
60000
Compared to the Air-conditioned
office, ZICER as built recovers
extra energy required in
construction in under 1 year.
40000
20000
ZICER
Naturally Ventilated
Air Conditrioned
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Years
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Low Carbon Strategies at the University of
East Anglia
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management
• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics
– CHP
– Adsorption chilling
– Biomass Gasification
• The Energy Tour
• Energy Security: Hard Choices facing the UK
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ZICER Building
Photo shows
only part of top
Floor
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays
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• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Wh
%
100
100
Block1
90
90
Block 2
80
80
Block 3
70
70
Block 4
60
60
Block 5
50
50
Block 6
40
40
Block 7
30
30
Block 8
20
20
Block 9
10
10
Block 10
0
0
radiation
9
10
11
12
13
14
All arrays of cells on roof
have similar performance
respond to actual solar
radiation
15
Time of day
%
Wh
The three arrays on the
façade respond differently
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
9
10
11
12
13
Time of Day
14
15
Top Row
Middle Row
Bottom Row
radiation
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Elevation in the sky (degrees)
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
120
8.00
9.00
150
10.00
180
210
12.00
13.00
14.00
Orientation relative to True North
11.00
15.00
240
16.00
30
Elevation in the sky (degrees)
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January
May
September
P1 - bottom PV row
February
June
October
P2 - middle PV row
March
July
November
P3 - top PV row
April
August
December
20
15
10
5
0
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
Time (hours)
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
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Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected
horizontally
Cells active
Cells inactive even though
not covered by shadow
As shadow covers one column
all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected
vertically, only those cells actually in
shadow are affected.
32
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Use of PV generated energy
Peak output is 34 kW 峰值34 kW
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91% efficient
• Most use is for computers
• DC power packs are inefficient
typically less than 60% efficient
• Need an integrated approach
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Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
3% Radiation Losses
11%
61% Flue
Flue Losses
Losses
36%
86%
Gas
Localised generation makes use of
waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses
significantly
Exhaust
Heat
Exchanger
Engine
Heat Exchanger
Generator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
34
UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW
heat
35
Conversion efficiency improvements
Before installation
1997/98
MWh
electricity
gas
oil
19895
35148
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Total
Emission factor
kg/kWh
0.46
0.186
0.277
Carbon dioxide
Tonnes
9152
6538
9
Electricity
After installation
1999/
Total
CHP export
2000
site generation
MWh 20437 15630
977
Emission kg/kWh
-0.46
factor
CO2
Tonnes
-449
15699
Heat
import boilers CHP
oil
total
5783
14510 28263 923
0.46
0.186
0.186 0.277
2660
2699
5257 256 10422
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
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Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively
More electricity could be generated in summer
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绝热
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
节流阀
Throttle
Valve
Compressor
冷凝器
Condenser
蒸发器
Evaporator
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
压缩器
为冷却进行热提
取
Heat extracted
for cooling
A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit
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Absorption Heat Pump
外部热
Heat from
external source
绝热
Heat rejected
高温高压
High Temperature
High Pressure
吸收器
Desorber
节流阀
Throttle
Valve
冷凝器
Condenser
蒸发器
Evaporator
为冷却进行热提
取
Heat extracted
for cooling
低温低压
Low Temperature
Low Pressure
热交换器
Heat
Exchanger
W~0
吸收器
Absorber
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand
and increases electricity generated
39
A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements
in summer
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
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The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
•
•
•
•
•
Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands
Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat
Will have under 7 year payback
Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw
mills
Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing
student numbers by 250%
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Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Low Energy Buildings
Low Energy Buildings
Photo-Voltaics
• Low Energy Buildings
• Absorption Chilling
• Effective Adaptive Energy
Management
• Advanced CHP using
Biomass Gasification
• Photovoltaics
Efficient CHP
• Combined Heat and Power
Absorption Chilling
• World’s First MBA in
Strategic Carbon
Management
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Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Photo-Voltaics
Efficient CHP
Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification
Absorption Chilling
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Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
Efficient CHP
1990
2006
Students
Floor Area (m2)
5570
138000
CO2 (tonnes)
CO2 kg/m2
CO2 kg/student
Absorption Chilling
14047
207000
Change since
1990
+152%
+50%
2010
16000
220000
Change since
1990
+187%
+159%
19420
140.7
21652
104.6
+11%
-25.7%
14000
63.6
-28%
-54.8%
3490
1541
-55.8%
875
-74.9%
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Conclusions
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating
energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
• Heavy weight buildings can be used to effectively control energy
consumption
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of
electricity use in building to get the optimum value.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly
• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum
utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow
increased generation of electricity locally.
• Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings
• When the Biomass Plant is fully operational, UEA will have cut
its carbon emissions per student by over 70% since 1990.
Finally!
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where
you are heading."
Lao Tzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
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