HSC on board library – CBT 7
Course Format
Course is made up of this power point
presentation accompanied by the short
questionnaire next to you!
Please ask an agency employee to assist
whenever required.
You can advance through the presentation by
hitting the “ENTER” key with your desired
speed!
You should be able to complete in 2 hours
CHECK ON YOURSELF
Please read the questionnaire and answer
the questions to your best knowledge
without consulting this presentation or an
instructor.
Be fair to yourself!
Complete it (not more than 8-10 minutes),
Turn it around and continue here.
 The chance of an adverse event
 The likelihood of hazard being realised
 The combination of the probability, or
frequency of occurrence of a defined
hazard and
 The magnitude of the consequences of the
occurrence.
You should know
3 Common areas of risk to the
company and shipboard staff:
RISK TO
HEALTH AND
SAFETY
1.
Risk to Health and safety,
Consequences are injuries
and fatalities
2.
Risk to Environment,
Consequence is pollution,
etc
3.
Risk to Operations,
consequence are broken
equipment, damaged
cargo, off-hire, etc
RISK TO
ENVIRONMENT
COST
RISK TO
OPERATION
HOW DO WE MANAGE THE
RISKS?
 Through the procedures
 By Safety management system
We will not
have
accidents.
What is the
result if we
make enough
regulations ??
Principles of risk Management

Ask yourself these questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the risks in shipboard operations?
How often are you or your crew, at risk
What are the consequences of an accident?
What can you do about it ?????????????????????
Risks in Lifeboat Drills (for example)
Killed more than safe ?
 UK marine Accident investigation Branch’s database,
accumulated over 10 - year period,
 Indicate the lifeboat and launching system cost the
lives of 12 seafarers. ( 16% of total lives lost on UK
flagged vessels)
X 12 Seafarers
 + 87 seafarers injured
X 87 Seafarers
 It happened during drill and training
What’s
wrong
???
Too late for us, but
don’t forget Risk
Assessment and
Incident Investigation
for the rest of our
colleagues who are
still alive !!!
DAMAGE OF L/BOATs DURING DRILL
What is the purpose of
Risk Assessment ?
The purpose
 Is to ensure that careful examinations of
shipboard operations are carried out
 to determine what can cause harm
 that existing controls are adequate
 determine or risk levels are tolerable.
Objective of Risk Assessment
The Objective
 Where risk level are unacceptable, to identify
and implement appropriate controls to reduce
risk levels to as low as reasonable practicable
Expected outputs of a Risk Assessment
????????
 Minimisation of risk to people and the
environment
 Improvement in operational performance
 Assist on establishing a responsible image
within the marketplace
How do accidents happen!
Accident
Near Misses
Unsafe ships
Lack of Safety Culture
Lack of shipboard teamwork
Affects of Operation Performance
Social well being of
seafarers
Successful safety
Management
 There is an absolute link between the social
well being of seafarers and a successful
Safety Management System onboard!
Regulations could reduce level of Risk
HIGH
Level of risk
REGULATIONS
RISK
MANAGEMENT
LOW
Safety assessment process
 Identification of Hazards
 Risk assessment
 Risk control options
 Cost benefit assessment
 Recommendations for decision making
Risk Assessment Programme
• Make sure shipboard personnel aware that company is serious about risk assessment
• Ensure procedure are in place before commencement
•
Provide training
1. Purpose and objective
2. Identifying the hazards
and controls
•
Identify who should carried out
the risk assessment
1. Experience person
2. Old + Young = Experience +
Objectivity
3. Assessing risk
4. ALARP ( as low as
reasonably
practicable) $$$$$$$
5. Review processes
Review
RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
COMPRISES 7 STAGES
•
Inventory of shipboard operations
•
Identify hazards
•
Identify existing controls
•
Determine risk
•
Decide if risk is tolerable
•
Implement Controls
•
Review assessments
Inventory of shipboard operations
• Importance to list and categorize all shipboard operations
Operation type
Operation group
Deck
Vessel Integrity
Man on deck in heavy
weather
Engine
Routines
Watchman doing round
check in darkness
Mooring
Lowering/Launching of L/B
and MOB boat
Cargo
Navigation
Operation
Entering cold weather
Which Operations do you assess
FIRST ???

First SELECT those that have a potential for
loss which could do most harm to
1.
2.
3.
4.
people,
property,
the environment,
the reputation of the company.
Identify hazards, what causes an
accident?
Consequences
Accident
Direct
causes
Indirect
causes
Root
Causes
Lack of management, poor
Management, lack of controls
Falling, slipping, fire, Explosion, Oil spill,
Collision, Grounding, system Failure
Unsafe Acts
Smoking, not wearing PPE, Ignoring safe
working practices
Unsafe Conditions
Job factors
Personal factors
Lack of control
Dark, noisy, toxic/explosive
Atmosphere
,
Design, equipment, manning
Fatigue, lack of training,
Organisation or Familiarity
For Example
 Accident
- Ship runs aground
 Direct Cause - Duty Officer set wrong course on
Auto-pilot.
 Indirect cause - Fatigue due to lack of rest prior
to bridge watch
 Root cause - Company policy on rest periods
not fully implemented
CREATING SAFE WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
1st STEP
(KEY POINT)
HAZARDS
IDENTIFICATION
2ND STEP
CONTROL
Will Cause
MINIMISE THE
HAZARDS
RESULT
SAFE OPERATIONS
Difference between Hazard and Event
 Hazard
Event

Slippery Surface
Slipping causing a minor injury

Corroded ladder
Rung collapsing causing bruised/cut foot

Combustible atmosphere
Explosion causing fatalities

Toxicity
Inhalation causing fatalities

Darkness
Banging head or tripping causing minor injury

Depending on the nature of the operation, the
consequences of an event can have different
levels of severity;

darkness may have a greater impact on the
entry into enclosed spaces than on navigation,

Ask following 3 questions which could you help
to find hazards and the nature of the harm,
1. Is there a source of harm?
2. Who or What can be harmed?
3. How could harm occur?
Identify Existing Controls

Controls can fall into following categories
1.
Procedure
– the majority of the controls will be in
the form of procedure
2.
Environment
– For example – oily / water separator
3.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - For example –
Breathing Apparatus, Gloves
4. Human Element
– For example: Rest periods, training
5. Design/engineering – For example: Increasing the strength
of hatch covers, fitting hoops around
ladders
How to determine the Risk ?

is the combination of
1. The likelihood of the hazardous event
occurring
2. The severity of the consequences
Assessing Likelihood
Likelihood
Occurrence
 Highly unlikely
< Once per year per fleet
 Unlikely
< Once per year per ship
 Likely
< Once or more per year per ship
Consequence Level…….
Needs to be determined for possible harm to people, ship and/or the environment
For Example………………………………
Consequence
Effect

 Slightly harmful


 Harmful




 Extremely harmful


cuts, bruises, headaches or discomfort due
to surrounding environment.
Requires first aid, but able to resume work
next day.
Minor pollution, unacceptable funnel
emissions
Laceration, burns, temporarily disability
Unable to return to work within 3 days or
requires repatriation
Moderate pollution, Onboard oil spill
contained
Amputations, major fractures, multiple
injuries, poisoning or fatal injuries
Unable to resume sea-going employment
Major pollution, Overboard oil pollution
Qualitative Risk Table
Once you have determined the likelihood and the level of
consequence, you can determine the level of risk using the
qualitative risk table
Consequence
Likelihood
Highly unlikely
Slight Harmful
Trivial Risk
harmful
Tolerate Risk
Extremely harmful
Moderate Risk
Unlikely
Tolerable Risk
Moderate Risk
Substantial Risk
Likely
Moderate Risk
Substance Risk
Intolerable Risk
Decide if Risk is Tolerate
Risk

Trivial

Tolerate

Moderate

Substantial

Intolerable
Action

~No
action is required and no documentary records need be kept.

~No additional controls are required. consideration may be given
to more cost effective solution of improvement that imposes no
additional cost burden. Monitoring is required to ensure that
controls are maintained.

~Effort should be made to reduce risk. but the costs of prevention
should be carefully measured and limited.

~Work should not be started until the risk has been reduced.
Considerable resources may have to be allocolated to reduce the
risk. Where the risk involves work in progress, Urgent action
should be taken.

~Work should not be started or continued until the risk has been
reduced. If it is not possible to reduce the risk even with unlimited
resources, Work has to remain prohibited.
ALARP PRINCIPLE
Increasing Level of Risk
Unacceptable Region
Tolerable Region
Risk can’t be justified unless
there are acceptable reasons
Tolerable only if risk reduction
is impracticable or if its cost is
grossly disproportionate to the
improvement gained
Tolerable if cost of reduction
would exceed the improvement
Broadly acceptable
region
Necessary to maintain asssurance
that Risk remains at this level
For following example for
personnel to Enter Enclosed
space with minimum control
1. Unacceptable region of ALARP

It would be unacceptable for personnel to enter oil cargo
tank when full of oil or not gas free as the risks are too
high

It is within the bounds of reason however, expect this to
happen under exceptional circumstances, i.e. rescue
2a.Tolerable region of ALARP
(Upper Zone)
 Enter to empty fuel oil Tank
 Risk to personnel of entering the tank could be high
BUT not as high as full tank
 To drive down the risk
vast amount of money
involved (designing and fitting hi-tech ventilation,
lighting system, etc)
 The cost of such measurement would be grossly
disproportionate to the improvement
 THEREFORE OPERATION IN ITS PRESENT STATE
IS TOLERABLE AND RISKS ARE REDUCED TO
LEVEL THAT CAN BE CONSIDERED ALARP.
2b.Tolerable region of ALARP
(Lower Zone)
 Enter into empty and well ventilated fresh
water tank
 Generally operation with Tolerable risk level
 If harm occurs, it is more likely the result of a consequence
of an individual’s action rather than from any inherent
properties of MT tank.
 To drive down – need low or moderate expense
 But could be considered unnecessary as current Risk levels
are already ALARP
3.The Broadly acceptable region of
ALARP
 In this region………………
 Risks are regarded as trivial + Adequate controls
are in place
 Review should be in place
 No further action required unless reasonable
practicable measures becoming available
or
 Required by Law or Industry convention
Guidance on selecting Controls







Remove or eliminate the hazard
Contain the hazard
Use technology to monitor the hazard
Adapt the individual to the work
Personnel Protective Equipment
Emergency Response
Re- design, Re-equip
Review on Assessment
 Risk level should be TOLERATE
 RESIDUAL RISK should be as low as reasonably
practicable
 ANY NEW HAZARDS created should be
acceptable
 FEEDBACK from personnel on planned controls
 SUGGESTIONS for improvement