Ch. 4, Sec. 1 The Industrial Revolution
(1780-1900)
A.
Agriculture.
1. Enclosure movement –
large landowners bought
small farms & applied
scientific approach to
farming.
2. Used crop rotation &
selective breeding by
scientific farmers.
Jethro Tull was one of
the first scientific farmers.
This 1836
enclosure map
of Hardwick,
England, also
shows the Toft
fields enclosed
in 1812
Livestock breeding – only the best sheep
allowed to breed; increased average
weight from 18 lbs. up to 50 lbs.
B.
1.
2.
Effects of Agricultural Improvement.
↑ population led to ↑ demand for food
& goods.
As farmers lost land to enclosures, they
left rural villages & moved to the
cities to work in factories.
C.
Industrial Revolution – ↑ output of
machine-made goods that began in
England in 1780.
Coalbrookdale by
Night, painted by
Philippe
Loutherbourg,
1808.
D.
Why start in England?
1. Many workers.
2. Many natural resources.
a) water power & coal.
b) iron ore, tools, & buildings.
c) rivers & harbors.
3. Strong economy.
4. Business investments.
5. Strong banks.
No wars fought in Eng;
6. Political stability.
← military success; and
positive attitude.
7. “Factors of Production” – labor,
entrepreneurs, land, & capital ($).
FACTORS OF PRODUCTIONS
E.
Machines replaced human & animal
power; new sources of power (steam);
new raw materials (coal); new mode of
production (factory system).
Before and After Industrialization
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
Before
After
F.
Textile Industry.
1. Cottage Industry –
weaving thread in
rural cottages.
2. Industrialization
began in textile
industry (demand
for cotton).
Arkwright invented the
Waterframe (increased
production of textiles)
in 1769.
Hargreaves’
Spinning Jenny
in 1764.
G.
Eli Whitney & The Cotton Gin.
1. 1793, while
working on a GA
plantation.
2. Negative impact:
↑ demand for
both land &
slaves due to
profits of cotton.
H.
Transportation Revolution.
1.James Watt – steam engine
in 1765.
a) Steam was a cheap,
convenient source
of power.
Robert Fulton’s steamboat
provided fast, easy transportation
of both raw materials and finished
goods.
I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Effect of the Railroads:
Gave manufacturers a cheap way to
transport goods & raw materials.
Created new jobs for RR workers,
construction, & miners.
↑ agricultural & fishing.
Travel for pleasure & work.
English train in
The mid-1840’s.
Economic Changes
Railways
cut the cost
of
transporting
goods
Social Changes:
Growth of Industrialization
in England
1704-1911
J.
1.
2.
3.
Factory Life.
New machines
were large &
expensive;
factories built to
house machines.
Near power
sources.
People moved to
cities to work in
factories.
The Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive
industrial process for the mass-production of steel
from molten pig iron.
 The process is named after its inventor, Henry
Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process
in 1855.

A Bessemer
converter in
Station Square,
Pittsburgh, PA.
K.
Negatives of Industrialization.
1. Misery of working
classes & urban poor.
2. Time & factory discipline.
3. Ended community villages.
4. Problems from overcrowding
(diseases).
Cholera
► Solutions = Charity, police, ideology, revolution, urban "renewal."
L. Positives of Industrialization.
1. Better diets & housing, cheaper
(mass-produced) clothing.
2. Better education.
3. Laborers got better wages, working
conditions, & shorter hours
(Labor Unions).
► Long term effects can
still be seen today.
► Working conditions greatly
improved since the
19th Century.
Working Poor
Typical Coal Miners:
Child Laborers:
Women
Worked in
factories
Tenement Housing:
Child Laborers
1843 English cartoon on the exploitation of children in the mines.
M. Class structure.
1.
Capitalism – economic system based
on private ownership & manufacturing.
a) Upper class – owners.
b) Middle class – skilled workers,
professionals, lawyers, & doctors.
c) Working class – laborers, work
12-16 hours/day, 6 days/week,
30 min. lunch & dinner, low
wages, fired anytime.
The Wealth of Nations
by Adam Smith

Wealth of Nations
(1776) was first
modern work on
economics.
 3 Laws of Capitalism:
-- Self interest
-- Supply &
demand
-- Free market
(competition)
Adam Smith
2. Socialism – society owns the
means of production.
a) Karl Marx – wrote the
Communist Manifesto (1848).
i.
Public ownership.
ii. Classless society.
Karl Marx,
father of Communism
and 19th century
philosopher.
Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a 19th century
philosopher, political economist, & revolutionary.
Communist Manifesto (1848): “The history of
all hitherto existing society is the history of class
struggles.”
Marx is the co-founder of Marxism (with Engels)
and is often called the father of communism.
Memorial to
Karl Marx in
Moscow. The
inscription reads
“Proletarians of all
countries unite!”
Marx believed that capitalism would be
displaced by communism, a classless society.
Marx argued that the analysis of capitalism revealed that
the contradictions within capitalism would bring about its
own end, giving way to communism.
Marx influenced Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Mao Zedong,
Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and many others.
COMPARING IDEOLOGIES
Liberalism
Socialism
(Democracy)
(Communism/
Marxism)
Nationalism Conservatism
civil
property
common
tradition,
liberties,
and
institutions,
social
distribution traditions,
religious
stability,
of wealth
language,
tolerance,
obedience to
are subject
customs
uses a
political
to control
constitution
by the
authority
community
Diego
Rivera
mural
showing
the
struggle
of the
classes.
Palacio
National,
Mexico
City.
Images of the
Industrial Era in
Great Britain
N.
The Continent catches up, 1850-1900.
► England leads between 1780-1850, and then Industrialization spreads
to Western Europe after 1850.
Question: Why did Germany, and not France, become
the industrial leader on the continent after 1850?
SPREAD OF RAILWAYS IN TEN SELECTED COUNTRIES
[Length of line open in kilometers (1 km = 5/8 mile)]
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1840
1860
1880
1900
Aust-Hung
Belgium
France
Germany
England
Italy
Holland
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Population between 1800 and 1850:
 Naples grew 5%
 Moscow grew 32%
 Paris grew 93%
 London grew 140%
 Leeds grew 1260%
O.
1.
2.
3.
Industrialization Spreads
1789, Samuel
Slater emigrates
illegally to U.S.
Builds spinning
machine from
memory.
1790, 1st textile
factory opens in
U.S.
Lowell Textile Mills, 1813
Lowell Mill Girls
P.
Rise of Global Inequality.
1. Industrialization leads to Imperialism:
a)
Widened gap b/w industrialized &
non-industrialized countries.
b)
Need steady supply of raw
materials.
c)
Exploitation of overseas colonies
for materials & markets.