Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Planning for Low
Carbon Development in Cities
Manuel L. Soriano, Senior Technical Advisor
Energy, Infrastructure, Transport & Technology
UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Centre, Bangkok, Thailand
Sustainable Development
Energy Concerns in Urban Development
 Cities occupy 3% of the Earth’s
land surface, and house 75% of
the human population
 Cities account for a considerable
portion of a country’s energy
consumption. [2/3 of worldwide
energy usage and GHG emissions]
 Most production, trade and
transportation activities usually
are located in these areas. [80%
of Asia’s GDP is produced by
Asian cities]
Per capita carbon emission of selected cities ( World Bank, 2010)
Sustainable Development
Energy Concerns in Urban Development
 Growing built environment
 Cities concentrate industrial development and its pollution.
 Increasing volumes of waste generated
 Motor vehicles dominate urban transportation systems producing congestion, local air pollution, and GHGs.
 Massive and typically inefficient energy consuming urban
systems waste resources and generates pollution and GHGs
 Uncertainty of energy supplies & other energy concerns
 Social issues – urbanization of poverty – lack of basic services
Sustainable Development
Energy for Sustainable Development
Sustainable energy:
Energy solutions that
address development
issues related to
economic growth,
environment and social
equity simultaneously
Economic
Key input for
economic growth
Impacts of energy
production and use
Environmental
Social
Poverty alleviation
and gender
Sustainable
Development
Sustainable
Cities
Integrated
Approach to Low
Carbon
Development
Low Carbon Growth
Safety &
Welfare
Green Economy
Housing
Sustainable Energy Supply
Environmental governance
Energy
Supply
Health &
Education
Access to Nature
Zero Waste
Green Buildings
Clean Water Quality
Clean Water Quantity
Green Transport
Clean Air
Low Carbon Footprint
Transport &
Communications
Zero Waste
Low Carbon
Economy &
Competitiveness
Jobs
Healthy
Ecosystems
Sustainable Development
Energy and Urban Forms
Resources,
technology,
geography,
politics
Feedback
Energy needs
stimulate new
developments
Energy
Sources
Spatial
Structures
Nature, location, availability,
price, distribution
Location, shape, size, density,
communications, mixed land
use
Alternative
Supply Systems
Feasibility
Energy
Demand
Useful energy, delivered
energy, primary energy,
transport, heat, light, motive
power
Ref: Owens, S., Energy , Planning and Urban Form (1986)
Socio-economic
and political
factors
Level of
development,
socio-economic
factors
Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Energy Technology
Available
Resources
GHG Emissions & Other Pollutants
Resource
Utilization
Waste
Generation
Decomposition
and/or
Accumulation
of Waste
Waste Conversion/Recycling
Ecosystems approach – The inter-relationship of natural and man-made
elements in the environment is the basis for planning aimed towards improved
quality of city life.
Based on Bianpoen. “The City as an Ecological Region “(1990)
Sustainable Development
Transport Systems
Parks & Waterways
Systems
Water Supply Systems
Waste Water
Systems
Building Systems
Urban Systems
require energy to function
Energy Supply
Systems
Solid Waste
Management
Systems
Communication
Systems
Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
 Urban Systems – Infrastructures; resource intensive (energy, water, materials and
land); Difficult and costly to modify.
 Traffic congestion - Inadequate road & transport infrastructures - cost can be as
high as 10% of the city’s GDP.
 Typical buildings – non-energy efficient - can account for 40% of a city’s total
energy consumption and 30% of GHG emissions.
 Expansion of infrastructures (rapid urbanization; fast economic growth; increased
competitiveness, etc.).
 The way a city is planned, designed, operated and maintained will influence its
future energy usage and emissions (GHG & pollutants).
Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Energy Consuming Urban Systems
 Linkage between energy demand and the way the development and
arrangement of cities are planned.
 Correlation between the urban systems and environmental health,
economic competitiveness and the quality of life in cities.
 The patterns of consumption and production of infrastructures that are built
for urban systems can have positive or negative outcomes, depending on
how these are designed, operated and maintained.
 Investments on urban system infrastructure development to achieve and
sustain socio-economic development goals.
 Are these systems designed and operated for energy efficiency?
Sustainable Development
Climate Change and Energy Use in Cities
 Human activities release GHG emissions that contribute to global warming
 Climate change is directly linked to emissions of GHGs bulk of which are
from the utilization of energy (non-renewable forms)
Land Use Issues
Combination of land use factors
(shape, size)
Interspersion of activities
Urban area shape
Density/clustering of trip ends
Density/mix uses/built form
Layout/orientation/design
Siting/layout/landscaping
Mechanism
Travel requirements (distance &
frequency)
Travel requirements (distance)
Travel requirements
Public transport use
CHP applications
Passive cooling/heating
Microclimate optimization
Energy Impacts
Variation up to 150%
Variation up to 130%
Variation of up to 20%
Energy savings up to 20%
Energy savings of 15%
Energy savings up to 20%
Energy savings of at least 5%
Ref: BC Energy Aware Committee, Introduction to Community Energy Planning (www.energyaware.bc.ca)
Sustainable Development
Climate Change Challenges in Cities
 Increasing Carbon Footprint




Increasing urban sprawl – increased use of private transport
Energy-consuming lifestyles and practices
Poor urban planning, management and governance
What is the challenge? Managing a city’s development that:
 Maximizes low-carbon energy sources
 Enhances efficiency in delivering urban services
 Moves to low-carbon intensity for a given unit of GDP
 Vulnerability to Climate Extremes




Cities situated in low lying coastal or river plains
Extreme weather events - increasing in intensity and frequency
Sea level rise; Poor suffer more
New driver of urbanization - “eco-refugees/eco-migrants”
Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Challenges
 Inadequate policy and regulatory frameworks that support
environmentally sustainable development in cities
 Insufficient capacity of cities to plan, design and implement
integrated sustainable development actions
 Lack of financing for initiatives on environmentally sustainable
urban development
 Lack of available replicable successful examples of sustainable
development applications at the urban level
 Lack of easily accessible information on feasible and applicable
technologies and practices on sustainable urban development
Sustainable Development
Energy Planning in Cities
City with internal energy production
and supply system
City with external energy supply
system
Energy Form
Production &
[ Importation ]
Distribution
Conversion
Derived Energy
Form
Consuming
Sectors
Distribution
910
WOOD
Sustainable Development
[ 1234 ]
1038
196
(Pyrolysis)
AGRI-WASTE
COAL
2345
(Biodegradation)
[ 5857 ]
4567
1234
56
NATURAL GAS
HYDOENERGY
ELECTRICITY
CHARCOAL
BIOGAS
117
33
9
34
14
Outside Sales
200
12
23
Own Use
1367
ELECTRICITY
154
Outside Sales
10
223
Sustainable Energy in Cities
(Direct combustion)
Stock
11
1234
6533
123
(Hydroelectric turbines)
[ 78910 ]
(Power Grid)
ELECTRICITY
154
77910
1000
Losses &
Own Use
(Power Grid)
1122
7788
78839
42756
1111
22334
T&D Losses
3728
GASOLINE
[ 8905 ]
4589
89
4321
4500
5
DIESEL
[ 9096 ]
Outside Sales
23
Stock
5521
3579
4
3456
1234
Stock
(Direct Combustion)
FUEL OIL
[ 4679 ]
AVIATION FUEL
[ 365 ]
LPG
135
KEROSENE
[ 1007 ]
Stock
791
NOTE : Values are in TOE (Tons of Oil Equivalents)
Equivalents)
2879
1234
39
223
467
Outside Sales
Stock
219
3
Losses &
Own Use
367
729
1
4113
433
ELECTRICITY
167
Agricultural
Commercial
Residential
Farming, Crop Produc
Cooking
Cooking
Agricultural
Commercial
Residential
Cooking
Cooking
Cooking
Agricultural
Residential
Drying, Livestock
Cooking
Industrial
Electrical Equipment
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Air Conditioning, Hea
Process Heating
Cooking, Hot Water
Agricultural
Industrial
Residential
Institutional
Residential
Transport
Miling, Livestock
Lighting, AC, Applianc
Lighting, Refrigeration
Lighting, AC, Equipm
Lighting, AC, Cooking
Light Rail Transit
Agricultural
Transport
Irrigation
Freight and Passenge
Agricultural
Commercial
Industrial
Transport
Irrigation
Steam Generation
Process Heating, Stea
Freight and Passenge
Industrial
Electrical Equipment
Industrial
Transport
Steam Generation, Pr
Water Transport
Transport
Air Transport
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Steam Generation, He
Process Heating
Cooking, Hot Water
Agricultural
Residential
Drying, Farming, Live
Cooking
Stock
367
2
[ 865 ]
567
4680
1
123
685
4287
Outside Sales
End
Losses &
Own Use
[ 7890 ]
3579
End Use
19
200
Outside Sales
Stock
City Reference Energy System
Sustainable Development
Outside
Sales
Industrial
Commercial
Sector
Use
To stock Agriculture Sector Use Institutional
Sector Use
Sector Use
Sustainable Energy in Cities
8.06
Biomass Energy
Hydro Energy
Coal
Natural Gas
Petroleum
Products
0.07
1.91
2.9
2.9
3.7
6.4
63.9
7.34
0.90
10.67
Residential
Sector Use
18.68
Total Energy
Consumption
83.47
Total Energy
Supply
100.00
43.97
Electricity
20.2
7.15
1.25
Own Use and
T&D Losses
Conversion
Losses
City Energy Balance
Transport
Sector Use
Sustainable Development
City Energy System - Low Carbon Development
Sustainable Development
Influence of Cities on Low Carbon Development
Source: www.rainharvest.co.za
• Support policies on the
application of energy efficiency
and renewable energy
• Smart urban form and spatial
development
• Energy efficient industries and
buildings
• Low carbon vehicles and public
transport-oriented systems
• Low carbon waste management
and urban services
• Energy efficient appliances
• Financial/fiscal incentives for EE
and RE applications
* PLAN for LOW CARBON GROWTH *
Sustainable Development
Low Carbon Development of Urban Communities
Integrating Energy & Environment in Urban Development Planning
 Energy – an essential consideration in achieving sustainable development
in urban communities
 EIP is in line with an ecosystems approach.
 Various urban concerns related to energy & environment – Justification for
integrating energy considerations in the city development planning process.
 Due consideration to energy implications of development policies and
energy flexibility in city development policies and objectives.
 Key is MAINSTREAMING of ENERGY and CLIMATE CHANGE in the urban
development planning process.
 Official legal authorization for energy-integrated development planning
 POLITICAL Support – success of an energy-integrated urban development
plan is ensured by this.
Integrating Energy in Urban Development Planning
LandUrban
Use Planning Activities
Energy Considerations
Sustainable
Development
Outputs
Analysis of Urban Development
Concerns
Energy Issues (supply, consumption,
demand) Analysis
=
Urban Development Goal, Objectives &
Criteria Formulation
Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and
Criteria
=
Urban Development Surveys & Analysis
of Sectoral Plans & Profiles
Energy Survey Data (supply,
consumption, demand) and Database
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios and
Solutions Formulation
Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios &
Solutions Analysis
Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios
& Proposed Solutions
=
Urban Development Policy Formulation
& Sectoral Policies & Regulations
Formulated & Enforced Energy Policies &
Plans/Programs
=
Urban Development & Sectoral Policy
Impact Analysis
Energy-Environment Impact Assessment
Results
=
Urban Development and Sectoral Policy
Support Activities Formulation
Energy Plan Projects Implementation &
Results
=
Energy Management Plan and Energy
Projects Implementation
=
Urban Plans & Programs Implementation
and Management Strategies
Energy
Integrated
Urban
Development
Planning
Urban Development & Sectoral Plans
Implementation
Urban Development and Sectoral Plans
Monitoring & Management
Energy Consumption Monitoring &
Management
=
Energy-Integrated
Urban Development
Plan Management
Considering Energy Aspects in Land Use Planning
Land Use Planning Activities
Sustainable
Development
Energy Considerations
Outputs
Land Use Problem Analysis
Land Use Goal, Objectives & Criteria
Formulation
Existing Energy Goal, Objectives and
Criteria
=
Land Use Surveys & Database
Development & Analysis
Energy Survey Data (supply,
consumption, demand)
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios and
Solutions Formulation
Energy Supply & Demand Scenarios
=
Alternative Growth Scenarios &
Solutions Analysis
Energy Implications of Growth Scenarios
& Proposed Solutions
=
Land Use Policy Formulation (based on
Analyses)
Existing Energy Policies &
Plans/Programs
=
Land Use Policy Impact Analysis
Energy-Environment Links Assessment
Results
=
Land Use Policy Support Activities
Formulation
Energy Plan Projects Implementation &
Results
=
Energy
Integrated Land
Use Planning
Land Use Management & Plan
Implementation Strategies Development
Land Use Plan Implementation
Land Use Monitoring & Management
Energy Consumption Monitoring &
Management
=
Energy-Integrated
Land Use Plan
Management
Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Integrating Energy & Environment Concerns & Impacts in:
1. Land Use and Transport Planning
Contiguous development patterns; parking plans and siting; street design and layout;
traffic rules; trip reduction measures; citizens participation, etc.
2. Site Planning and Building Design
Building efficiency; orientation; landscaping; building services design and operations;
pedestrian facilities; transit facilities, etc.
3. Infrastructure Efficiency
Water supply and use; wastewater collection and storm drainage; solid waste collection &
recycling facilities; heat & power recovery; joint infrastructure planning & delivery.
4. Energy Supply
Electricity supply & distribution; district heating & cooling; waste heat utilization;
cogeneration systems; waste-to-energy systems; renewable energy utilization, etc.
Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Zero Waste
Clean Air
Green Buildings
Green Economy
Green Transport
Sustainable
Energy Supply
City-led Programs,
Regulations &
Financial Capacity
Access to Nature
Clean Water
(Quantity)
Clean
Water
(Quality)
Environmental
Governance
Low Carbon
Footprint
Low carbon development
of cities can be facilitated
through the enforcement
of appropriate policies
and regulatory
frameworks that support
the planning , design and
implementation of
interventions that fully
recognize the importance
of urban development
planning that takes
serious consideration of
the energy and
environment aspects of
sustainable development
Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Challenges
Institutional Challenges
•
e.g., Divided responsibilities and split incentives of relevant stakeholders; energy and climate
change are not mainstreamed in urban development planning processes
Energy Use and Energy Policy Challenges
•
e.g., Energy planning not responsibility of cities; existing laws, regulations not supportive of EE
and RE initiatives; restrictive regulations and default controls
Political Challenges
•
e.g., Local authorities support missing; changes in administration often translate to change in
policies; lack of awareness & information about the economic, environmental (and also
political) benefits of low carbon development
Social/Community Challenges
•
e.g., Local communities not aware and resistant to proposed changes lifestyles and attitudes
Capacity & Financial Challenges
•
e.g., City planners & engineers not skilled/knowledgeable of EIP and low carbon development;
Lack of financing for low carbon development initiatives
Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
Key Players
• Local Government Authorities and Staff (city development planning,
public works and general services, city engineers office, etc..)
• National and Regional Development Agencies
• Utilities (Fuel, Electricity, Water & Sanitation, Telecommunications)
• Real Estate Developers
• Business Community (industry, trade and commerce, service)
• Public Transport Operators
• NGOs/CBOs and Citizens Groups
• General Public
Sustainable Development
Energy-Integrated Urban Development Planning
• Planned Development Areas
• Preservation and Protection of Natural Features of the Land including
Environmentally Sensitive Areas
• Access to Existing Infrastructure and Services
• Access to Transport and Transit Systems
• Community Design & Layout
• Spatial Structures
• Streets and Roads
• Natural Features and Open Spaces
• Buildings and Infrastructures
•
•
•
•
•
Energy Efficient Buildings & Building Materials
Utilization of the Natural Landscapes & Green Infrastructures
Energy Efficient Design, Operation and Maintenance of Urban Systems
Green Construction
Sustainable Energy Production and Supply
Sustainable Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
Privatization and the Role of the Private Sector
• Joint development (e.g., residential housing program; public facilities)
• Privatization (Garbage collection; Sewerage system operation; selected user fee
collection; Road infrastructure construction; Leasing of government vehicles;
Tourism promotion; Historical and cultural preservation; Road and park
maintenance; Building inspection; and, Information dissemination campaigns)
Improvement of City's Public Image
Revenue Enhancement Interventions
• Improve collection efficiency of locally levied taxes
• Improve city government fee rates to better coincide with cost recovery of
development infrastructures/services and improve fee collection procedures.
• Consider the potentials of grantsmanship.
• Introduce fundamental reforms in local government revenue structure.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
Strategies to Support Low Carbon Initiatives
• Investments
• Investment for installation of new energy efficient urban systems, or
enhancement of the existing ones.
• Investment in improving city energy supply and distribution systems.
• Investment for research and development, information dissemination and
promotional programs on low carbon development.
• Encourage sponsorship of urban energy projects by the energy industry
sector and other service companies.
• Third Party Financing
• Financial Institutions
• Lease-Purchase Agreements; Build-Operate-Transfer Agreements
Sustainable Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient City Development
Examples of Strategies to Support Plan Implementation
1. Energy-Environment Conservation Strategies
•
•
•
•
Implementation of a Public Utilities Surcharge
Restructuring and Increasing Vehicle Tax
Authorization of Cordon Pricing or Trip Tolls to CBD
Parking Fees
2. City Development Strategies
•
•
•
•
•
•
User Fees, Surcharges
Increase Share in Land Registration Tax Earnings
Increase Development Fees for Building Permits
Implementation of Betterment Charges
Privatization of Selected Urban Infrastructure and Services
Increase Public/Private Sector Joint Development
Sustainable Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities
Benefits from Sustainable Energy Projects in Cities
• Reduction in the use of raw materials as resource inputs
• Reduction in pollution
• Increased energy efficiency leading to reduced energy use in the
city as a whole
• Reduction in the volume of waste products requiring disposal (with
the added benefit of preventing disposal-related pollution)
• Increase in the amount and types of process outputs that have
market value
Sustainable Development
Sustainable and Energy Efficient Cities
Benefits of Low Carbon Development of Cities
• GHG Emission Reduction (climate change mitigation)
• Energy Use and Energy Cost Reduction
• Preservation of Natural Environment
• Pollution Reduction (air, land, water)
• Improved Public Health
• Empowered Communities
• Enhanced Quality of Life in Cities (safety, welfare and well-being)
• Improved Economy and Competitiveness
Sustainable Development
Example of EE Urban Systems
Green Infrastructures – a network of decentralized storm water management
practice that can capture rainwater, thus reducing storm water runoff and improving
the quality of city waterways.
Ref: CNT, The Value of Green Infrastructure:
A Guide to Recognizing Its Economic,
Environmental and Social Benefits (2010)
Sustainable Development
Example of EE Urban Systems
Benefits of
Green
Infrastructures
Atmospheric CO2
Emission Avoidance
and Reduction
Reduced Energy
Usage for Water
Treatment
Direct Sequestration
Reduced Building
Energy Usage
Green Roofs
Trees
Reduced Water
Treatment
Permeable
Pavements
Bio-retention &
Infiltration
Sustainable Development
Example of EE Urban Systems
City Electricity System
• Difficulty to expand grid infrastructure
• Increased energy demand during peak periods
Smart City Solutions (policy measures that promote, among others, a grid that
manages electricity demand in a sustainable, reliable and economic manner,
built on advanced infrastructure and tuned to facilitate the integration of all
involved). Source: ABB
 Deregulation and real-time
pricing
 Smart energy-positive
infrastructure
 Integrated mobility service
Sustainable Development
EE Urban Systems: Smart City & Smart Buildings
Sustainable Development
United Nations Development Programme
The UN’s development agency
Bureau for
Europe &
CIS
Bureau for
Latin
America
Bureau for
Africa
Bureau for
Asia &
Pacific
Bureau for
the Arab
States
Bureau for
Crisis
Prevention
Bureau for
Partnerships
Bureau for
Development
Policy
Environment &
Energy Group
Country
Offices
Energy,
Infrastructure,
Transport &
Technology (EITT)
Group
• Water
• Ecosystems &
Biodiversity
• REDD & Land
• Ozone & Chemicals
Sustainable Development
UNDP EITT Group – Signature Programs
1
Access to clean
and affordable
energy
2
Low emission urban
systems and
infrastructures
3
Access to new
financing
mechanisms
Sustainable Development
Examples of Recent UNDP Projects on EE Urban Systems
Country
Project Title
Ongoing Project Implementation
India
Sustainable Urban Transport Program (Cleaner Mobility)
Kazakhstan
Sustainable Transport In The City Of Almaty
South Africa
Sustainable Public Transport
Project Design & Development
Philippines
Promotion of Low Carbon Urban Transport Systems in the Philippines
Kazakhstan
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions for Low-carbon Urban Development
Turkey
Catalyzing Low-Emission Urban Development
Bosnia & Herzegovina Energy Efficiency in Urban Buildings
Belarus Green Cities: Supporting Green Urban Development in Small and Medium Sized
Republic of Belarus
Cities in Belarus
Georgia
Green Cities: Integrated Sustainable Transport in the City of Batumi and the Ajara Region
Armenia
Green Urban Lighting
Achieving Low Carbon Growth in Cities through Sustainable Urban Systems Management
Thailand
in Thailand
Urban Energy Efficiency (Transforming the Market for Urban Energy Efficiency in Moldova
Moldova
by Introducing Energy Service Companies (ESCO) )
Sustainable Development
Conclusions
 How urban areas expand in the future has big implications on the GHG
emissions that are generated in cities.
 Urban development planning should consider energy as one important
component of sustainable development.
 Energy and Climate Change should be mainstreamed into the urban
development planning processes
 Policies formulated for various concerns in city development plans should be in
accord with the preservation of man's environment and the provision of energy
for sustaining growth and development.
 The capacity of local governments should be improved to better identify the
optimum mix of regulatory and public financing instruments to attract catalytic
financial flows toward low-emissions climate-resilient development.
 The success of an energy integrated city development plan can only be
ensured if there is political support. Without it, any planning approach will fail.
Sustainable Development
Thank You
Manuel L. Soriano
manuel.soriano@undp.org
Tel: +66-2-3049100 Ext 2720