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Environmental
services
Camillo FRANCO, Sogesca
European Commission
Enterprise and Industry
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Summary
1. Waste management
2. Air emissions
3. Wastewaters
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1 – Waste management: EU objectives
• To establish the “the producer
responsbility” principle
• To grant an efficient, safe and
environmentally friendly waste handling,
reuse, recovery and disposal
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• The European Union's approach to waste
management is based on three principles:
1.Waste prevention (quantity and quality)
2.Recycling and reuse
3.Improving final disposal and monitoring
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Product based legislation:
Batteries
Packaging
WEEE
Vehicles
Oils
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• Batteries: Directive 2006/66/EC of the EP§C of 6
September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste
batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive
91/157/EEC
•
The Directive prohibits the placing on the market of certain batteries and
accumulators with a proportional mercury or cadmium content above a
fixed threshold. In addition, it promotes a high rate of collection and
recycling and improvement in the environmental performance of all
involved in the life-cycle, including recycling and disposal.
•
The aim is to cut the amount of hazardous substances - in particular,
mercury, cadmium and lead - dumped in the environment reducing the use
of these substances and by treating and re-using the amounts that are
used.
•
The Directive applies to all types of batteries and accumulators, apart from
those used in equipment to protect Member States' security or for military
purposes, or in equipment designed to be sent into space.
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• Packaging: European Parliament and Council Directive
94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and
packaging waste
•
The Directive covers all packaging placed on the market in the
Community and all packaging waste, whether it is used or
released at industrial, commercial, office, shop, service,
household or any other level, regardless of the material used.
•
The Commission updates the list of examples given in Annex I to
illustrate the definition of the term “packaging”.
•
Member States should take measures to prevent the formation of
packaging waste, and to develop packaging reuse systems
reducing their impact on the environment.
•
The Member States must introduce systems for the return and/or
collection of used packaging to attain defined targets
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• WEEE: Directive 2002/96/EC of the EP§C of 27 January
2003 on waste electrical and electronic equipment
•
The Directive applies to a defined list of equipments
•
Member States are to encourage the design and production of EEE which
take into account and facilitate dismantling and recovery, in particular the
reuse and recycling
•
Member States are to minimise the disposal of WEEE as unsorted municipal
waste and are to set up separate collection systems. Member States are to
ensure that, as from 13.8.2005, final holders and distributors can return
such waste free of charge; distributors of new products ensure that waste
of the same type of equipment can be returned to them free of charge on a
one-to-one basis; producers are allowed to set up and operate individual or
collective take-back systems; the return of contaminated waste presenting
a risk to the health and safety of personnel may be refused.
•
By 31 December 2006 at the latest, a rate of separate collection of at least
4 kg on average per inhabitant per year of WEEE from private households
must be achieved.
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• ROhS: Directive 2002/95/EC of the EP§C of 27 January
2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous
substances in electrical and electronic equipment
•
The Directive covers the same scope as the Directive on WEEE (except for
medical devices and monitoring and control instruments). It also applies to
electric light bulbs and luminaires in households.
•
From 1 July 2006, lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium,
polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) in EEE must be replaced by other substances. However, as it is not
always possible to completely abandon these substances, the Commission
provides for tolerance levels. In addition, certain uses specified in the
Annex to the Directive are tolerated.
•
Derogations are established for some UE countries
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• Oils: Council Directive 75/439/EEC of 16 June 1975 on the
disposal of waste oils
•
The Directive applies to any mineral-based lubrication or industrial oils
which have become unfit for their originally intended use
•
Member States must ensure that waste oils are collected and disposed of
(by processing, destruction, storage or tipping above or under ground).
•
They must give priority to regeneration, i.e. by refining.
•
The following are banned: any discharge into inland surface water, ground
water, territorial sea and drainage systems; any deposit and/or discharge
of waste oils harmful to the soil and any uncontrolled discharge of residues
resulting from the processing of waste oils;
•
The Directive does not authorise mixing waste oils with polychlorinated
biphenlys and polychlorinated terphenyls or with toxic and dangerous
wastes. Any oil: containing PCBs or PCTs, toxic or dangerous products
must be destroyed
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• The revised “waste framework Directive” Directive
2008/98/EC sets the basic concepts and definitions
related to waste managament and lays down waste
management principles such as the "polluter pays
principle" or the "waste hierarchy"
• There also exist a number of other pieces of
legislation covering bio-waste, landfill, incinerators,
waste shipments, sewage sludge, hazardous,
mining, titanium dioxide, PCBs PCTs, radioactive
and agricultural and food waste.
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1 – Waste management: EU legislation
• The revised “waste framework Directive” Directive
2008/98/EC sets the basic concepts and definitions
related to waste managament and lays down waste
management principles such as the "polluter pays
principle" or the "waste hierarchy".
• Animal by-products including processed products
are covered by Regulation (EC) No 1774/20024/2002;
• There also exist a number of other pieces of
legislation covering bio-waste, landfill, incinerators,
waste shipments, sewage sludge, hazardous,
mining, titanium dioxide, PCBs PCTs, radioactive
and agricultural and food waste.
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1 – Waste management: the producer duties
• Correctly identify wastes according to the
Decision 2000/532/CE – eu Wastes Codes (EWC)
• Correctly identify by-products (art.5 Directive
2008/98/EC: direct and certain use, the
substance is integral part od the process, no
adverse impacts, complying technical
requirements for use)
• Define characteristics of the waste: chemical
analysis and classification as hazardous or not
hazardous
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1 – Laboratories and accreditation
• Better use accreditated laboratories
• Accreditation
• (Reg. EC/765/2008 of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements
for accreditation and market surveillance relating to the
marketing of products)
• ‘accreditation’ shall mean an attestation by a
national accreditation body that a conformity
assessment body meets the requirements set by
harmonised standards and, where applicable,
any additional requirements including those set
out in relevant sectoral schemes, to carry out a
specific conformity assessment activity
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1 – Laboratories and accreditation
• Accreditation is awared according to:
ISO/IAF 17021 for management systems
certification bodies;
• ISO/IAF 17024 for persons CB;
• ISO/IAF 17025 for laboratories
• www.european-accreditation.org
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1 – Waste management: the producer duties
• Separate and do not mix hazardous
wastes with other wastes
• Labelling wastes to identify them
• Keep proper waste storages to prevent
waters and soil pollution (without risk to
water, air, soil, plants or animals ... )
e.g.: covered wastes storages on
waterpoof soil
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1 – Waste management: the producer duties
• Keep waste production and disposal records
(origin, nature, destination ... ) according to
national legislation to grant wastes traceability
from production to final destination
• Deliver wastes to fully authorised waste
management undertakings – transport / disposal
/ recycle
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1 – Waste management: costs
• Waste management planning:
• Consultancy, internal resource, according to specific needs
• Waste storages: bins, skips, coverages, etc.
• Chemical analysis:
• 200 – 800 Euro per sample depending on which
parameters
• Waste transport and disposal:
• Usually defined as Euro/t: 30-100 Euro/t for non
hazardous / 100 – 500 Euro/t for hazardous
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1 – Waste management: benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prevent pollution
Correct costs management
Prevent legal responsbilities
Good house keeping: good impression
to visitors, clients, public authorities,
employees; risks and costs reduction
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2 – Air emissions: EU objectives and Directives
1. To reduce and prevent air pollution due
to listed industrial plants
• Directive 1984/360/CE - 1984, June,
28 – air pollution prevention
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2 – Air emissions: EU objectives and Directives
1.
To provide full protection for the environment
and human health:
•
Directive 2001/81/EC of 23 October 2001 on national
emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants
(acidifiying and eutrophying pollutants and for ozone
precursors)
2.
To maintain or improve ambient air quality
•
Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit
values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides
of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air
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2 – Air emissions: EU objectives and Directives
1. To reduce and/or replace the most
dangerous organic volatile compounds
•
Directive 2004/42/CE of 21 April 2004 on the
limitation of emissions of volatile organic
compounds due to the use of organic solvents
in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle
refinishing products and amending Directive
1999/13/EC
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2 – Air emissions: EU objectives and Directives
1.
To reduce the “integrated” pollution to air,
waters, soil from industrial plants
2.
Plants in pre-defined sectors (energy, metals, mineral,
chemical industry, waste management, and livestock
farming industries) above a certain size must obtain a
permit for their activities and meet a number of ‘best
available technology’ criteria on pollution prevention,
energy efficiency and waste disposal. National
authorities are responsible for administrating permits.
(Directive 2008/1/EC of 15 January 2008 concerning
integrated pollution prevention and control)
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2 – Air emissions: EU objectives and Directives
1.
To reduce the CO2 emissions and comply to
the Kyoto protocol
•
Installations covered by the EU’s Emissions Trading
Scheme (ETS) account for half of the EU’s emissions of
CO2 and include combustion plants, oil refineries, coke
ovens, iron and steel plants, and factories making
cement, glass, lime, brick, ceramics, pulp and paper.
National governments allocate, in a ‘National Allocation
Plan (NAP)’, allowances to industrial plants to emit
certain amounts of CO2. Companies can buy or sell
emissions allowances on a market system, giving a
financial incentive to lower emissions
•
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2 – Air emissions: the SME’s duties
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To get preliminary permits for flue gas
emissions (or for IPPC plants)
To comply with all permit requirements
To prevent pollution, recucing emissions,
through the application of the Best Available
Technology Economically Vaiable (BATEV)
To keep emissions under established limits
(concentrations and/or mass flow)
Define levels of emissions with application of
approved methods
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2 – Air emissions: costs
1.
Installing BATEV and/or treatment plants: 105
Euros
2.
•
3.
•
To identify required permits / authorisations –
to get the permits and renew them:
Consultancy, internal competence, time
To comply with all permit requirements (e.g.
monitor air emissions, reporting, etc.):
Depending on what the SME has to do; a
chemical analysis of flue gases: 300 – 1000
Euro
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2 – Air emissions: benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prevent pollution
Prevent legal responsbilities
Prevention of social conflicts
Add value to the installation and to the
business
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3 – Wastewaters: the EU objectives and Directives
1.
•
2.
3.
•
Surface and underground waters protection
Directive 76/464/CE (pollution due to certain
dangerous chemicals)
Avoid cumulating dangerous chemicals into the
environment
Sustainable use of resources
Directive 2000/60/CE (establishing a
framework for the Community action in waters
protection)
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3 – Wastewaters: the EU objectives and Directives
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Additional Directives
82/176/CE
mercury
83/513/CE
cadmium
84/156/CE
mercury
84/491/CEE esaclorocicloesano
86/280/CEE specified hazardous chemicals
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3 – Wastewaters: the SME’s duties
1. To get preliminary permits for wastewaters
discharge (or for IPPC plants) related to listed
pollutants
2. To comply with all permit requirements
3. To keep concentrations and/or mass flows of
certain pollutants under defined threshold
limits
4. To avoid discharge of polluted waters in
underground waters (exceptions admitted)
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3 – Wastewaters: costs
1.
2.
•
3.
•
Installing treatment plants to respect threshold
limits: 105 Euros
To identify required permits / authorisations –
to get the permits and renew them:
Consultancy, internal competence, time
To comply with all permit requirements (e.g.
monitor air emissions, reporting, etc.):
Depending on what the SME has to do; a
chemical analysis of wastewaters: 200 – 500
Euro
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3 – Wastewaters: benefits
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prevent pollution
Prevent legal responsbilities
Prevention of social conflicts
Add value to the installation and to the
business
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Game 1: Wastes
• Question of the SME:
• A driver of mine transporting iron scrapes
from my factory has been stopped by
police; we have been requested to produce
proper documents/forms and autorisation
for waste trasportation. But we thought
they were not wastes and now we have to
pay a 3.000 Euro fine. Can you help me to
solve the problem?
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Game 2: Air emissions
• Question of the SME:
• A consultant came to visit my plant
recently; he told me I have to get the
authorisation for my automatic painting
plant and that I have to install a new air
treatment plant to reduce emissions before
getting the authorisation. Is this true?
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Game 3: Wastewaters
• Question of the SME:
• The environmental control authority took a
sample of my wastewaters; concentrations
of metals were over the limits. I have to
reduce emissions under the limits within
two monts. May you help me to face the
problem?
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How to reply?
• Applicable laws and standards
• Scope of laws and standards: who is
involved?
• Technical aspects
• Times
• Expected results - Benefits
• Costs