Non-Revenue Water Management : The
Case of Entebbe , Uganda
Presented by
Harrison Mutikanga
At
The SWITCH PILOT TRAINING
Capital Inn - Entebbe, Uganda
29th July 2010
4/13/2015
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Presentation Outline
i.
Definitions, Terminologies & Problem Identification
ii.
IWA Water Balance Methodology
iii.
NRW Contributing Factors
iv.
Tools for Managing Water Losses
v.
Entebbe NRW Case Study
vi.
Conclusions
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Basic Definitions
NON-REVENUE
WATER
WATER
SUPPLIED
=
(NRW)
NRW
REAL
=
=
LOSSES
APPARENT
LOSSES
(Commercial Losses)
REVENUE WATER
-
(Billed Consumed
Water)
(System input
Volume)
Water Losses
(Real + Apparent)
+
Unbilled Authorised
Consumption
•Physical losses from pipes , joints & fittings
(Leakage & Bursts)
•Service reservoirs overflows
=
Meter readings, illegal connections, illegal use
Basic Definitions
Water Losses occur as
two distinct types:

Real Losses (Leakage)
– physical losses

Apparent (Commercial)
Losses: water used by
customers but not
properly measured and
paid for
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What is the Problem?
Technical: Not all water Supplied by a utility
reaches the customer
Financial & Economic: not all the water
supplied is paid for
Terminology: Lack of standardized definitions
of water and revenue water losses
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NRW in African Cities
Source: (WSP-World Bank, 2009)
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NRW in Asian Cities (2001)
Less than 20% of
population served
in Delhi gets 24-hr
water service
BestPractice
Frontier
Source: (McIntosh, 2003)
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IWA WB Methodology
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Importance of Water Balance
Provides answers to the following questions:
Why is water lost ?
Where is it lost ?
How is it lost ?
Formulating reduction strategies and
prioritizing investments
Tool for communication & benchmarking
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Contributing Factors to NRW
Old infrastructure
High Pressures
Road Works
Abuse of Fire hydrants
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Contributing Factors to NRW
Meter inaccuracies, Meter-bypass,
Theft / illegal connections
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Tools for Managing Real Losses
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Tools for Managing Apparent Losses
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Service
Reservoir
WOA
WTW
Distribution
Input
WSZ
DMA
Meter
Service
Reservoir
DMAs as Leakage ManagementTools
Pressure Management as a Tool
Source: McKenzie, 2009
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Network Hydraulic Modeling as a Tool
 Leakage analysis
 Design pressure management schemes
Network Planning
DMA Optimization
Mains Replacement
 Introduce PRV to reduce
high pressure and leakage
 Increase pressure to reduce
low pressure complaints
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Assessing ELL
Losses from
reported bursts
ALC cost
Base/
Background
Losses
Total cost
Annual Cost
£/Yr
Losses
from
unreported
bursts
0
Levels of loses Ml/d
Cost of Water
Entebbe NRW Case Study
Introduction
The performance of Entebbe network
Initiatives undertaken to improve
NRW
Benefits
Challenges & lessons
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Introduction
Entebbe is located 34km south of
Kampala
It is the 3rd largest town out of the
22 towns operated by NWSC,
Started operations in 1950
Estimated area population 215,000
Service coverage is about 70%
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Performance History
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Network Performance
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System Characteristics
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Water Balance – 2003
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(m /year)
23
Water Balance – 2007
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(m /year)
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NRW Performance Indicators
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Commercial & Physical Loss PIs
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Leakage Component Analysis
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Developed a compressive 5 yr action plan - using a participatory
approach & with clear time bound objectives & strategies – (reduce NRW
from 32% to 15 % by 2008)
Established a GIS system & carried out comprehensive documentation &
mapping the whole network area
Shared experience & information with sister utilities on the challenges
& initiatives of NRW reduction – e.g WUP & WEDC forum
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Undertook pilot studies of the distribution network & technically
isolate 3 discrete zones
Set up of three DMAs – with demarcated customer accounts,
Aligned the organization structure to the Zones and allocated staff &
other resources for accountability enhancement (Territorial
Management Concept)
Appointed Zonal leaders accountable for the Zones performance
Aligned the billing system with the Zones for easy monitoring
Set targets for each Zone & established an incentive mechanism to
drive performance
Carried out regular performance monitoring of the Zones
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Entebbe Area – District Meter Areas (DMAs)
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Reasons for NRW Improvement
Organization Structure focused on NRW reductions
Area Manager
Internal
Auditor
Management &
Support Services
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Finance &
Accounts Services
Technical Services
Zonal 1
Zonal 2
(Zonal leader, M/Reader,
Plumbers, Mates)
(Zonal leader, M/Reader,
Plumbers, Mates)
Commercial &
Customer Care
Services
Zonal 3
(Zonal leader,
M/Reader, Plumbers,
Mates)
Water Production
& Sewerage
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Initiatives to address Leakage
Established a standby 24 hrs leak management unit
– speed and quality of repairs –leakage handling
efficiency (identified leaks repaired in < 6hrs)
Trained staff on effective leak detection, repair &
monitoring (in house & external training) &
equipped them with newly acquired leak detection
equipments
Established a more pro-active leak detection &
repair programme
Sensitized & encouraged the public to vigorously
report water leaks/bursts – attached a reward
($1.5 -3) for @ case reported
Computerised the leaks reporting register for easy
tracking & monitoring
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Initiatives to address Leakage
Routine inspection & servicing of valves & fire hydrants
Leak clustering for better monitoring of network condition thus planning for
replacement.
Developed a medium term investment plan – replacement of old pipelines
of the water distribution network
12.4 Km of worn out pipes were replaced
more than 60% of the network is currently
less than 5 Years old
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Initiatives to address CL
Carried out investigations to detect & cut–off illegal connections from the mains
Declared Monday an illegal connection day – investigating cases of suspected illegal
connections
Worked closely with local communities to identify illegal cases & meter vandalism
Offered incentives/rewards to informers of illegal users – ($32 for commercial, UGX
$20 for domestic & $3 to staff)
Established fines/ penalties for illegal connections – $305 + 2 yrs estimated
consumption
Established amnesty programmes to woo back illegal consumers
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Initiatives to address CL
Regular spot checks on large customers & construction sites
Spot checks and auditing of meter readings + rotation of meter readers (every 6
months)
Meter testing in the laboratory and replacing meters that under-register
consumption
Universal metering of customer accounts - (all accounts metered & over 70% of
the meters are less 6 yrs old)
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Initiatives to address CL
Prompt updating of customer database –NCs updated
within 2 days
Effective disconnection for non-payment - some
customers disconnected from the main
Right sizing of meters based on customer demand profiles
for effective recording of consumption esp. bulk meters
Introduced New Connection Policy – NWSC procures &
install all water pipes & fitting and also maintains the
service line – standardization of pipes & fittings - quality
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Costs and Benefits
Reduced NRW from 32% to 17% – reducing operating costs &
saved more water for sales
Reduced leak repair costs – improved network performance
Strengthened staff capacity in water loss reduction
Enhanced public awareness & improved corporate image
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Challenges
Sustaining and improving performance further (Economic levels of
leakage –ELL and Economic levels of apparent losses – ELAL).
Improving the accuracy of the individual components of the water
balance for clear prioritisation of actions and investments
Re-zoning the network into hydraulic zones & DMAs
Accurate data for GIS and constructing network hydraulic models
Elimination of Illegal connections – dynamic problem
Appropriate NRW indicators to promote utility benchmarking
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Lessons Learned
Reducing NRW is an on-going activity and not a one-off exercise
NRW is expensive and needs investment to be reduced - is self
financing in the long run.
Combating commercial losses requires less investments but high mgt
commitment, community support & appropriate incentives
Pilot area projects are recommended for testing new techniques and
quantifying costs and benefits of NRW reduction
Staff involvement & ownership is critical for successful reduction of
NRW
Utility performance benchmarking is a powerful tool for reducing NRW.
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Sustainable Water Services
Investment Strategy
Treatment Works
Network Assets
Year 3
Service Levels
Shareholders
Revenue Collection
Conclusions
NRW is a problem for most Utilities worldwide
The water balance & PIs are effective tools for assessment
of NRW and for performance benchmarking
The Entebbe case study demonstrates that significant
water savings can be made even in developing countries
with appropriate technical support and training
Address poor governance & institutional challenges
The Shared experience during this training should be a
catalyst for action to save and conserve water
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Thank you for your Attention
Our Shared Objective:
“Sustainable water services thru NRW reduction”
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