MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
World Maritime University
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Professor Jan-Åke Jönsson,
WMU
MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
HARMFUL SUBSTANCES:
Harmful substance means any
substance which, if introduced
into the sea, is liable to create
hazards to human health, to harm
living resources and marine life,
to damage amenities or to interfere
with other legitimate uses of the sea
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
IS SHIPPING A “DIRTY” BUSINESS ?
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
+ pollution from
accidents !!!!!
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Sources and Percentages of
Oceanic Oil Pollution
Types of Oil Pollution
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Millions of
Gallons
Percentage of World
Total
37
Ship Source Oil Spills
Vessel Maintenance
137
5.2
19.4
Offshore Drilling
15
2.2
Natural Seeps
52
8.8
Up in Smoke
92
13.0
Down the Drain
363
51.4
Total World Oil Pollution
706
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
MARPOL
OBJECTIVES?
GOALS?
TOOLS?
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
MARPOL Objectives:
POLLUTION shall be avoided
to preserve:
the human environment
in general and
the marine environment
in particular
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
MARPOL Goals
Complete elimination of pollution
Minimization of accidental discharge
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
RELEASE of OIL and other
harmful substances:
DELIBERATE
Criminal
NEGLIGENT
Can be rectified with good
education and equipment.
ACCIDENTAL
Can be rectified with good
education, equipment and
arrangement of the cargo
compartment.
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
MARPOL Tools
 Establishing of
rules,
which of course must be followed!
However, that is not always the case, and therefore
it is also necessary with:
Flag State Control & Port State Control
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Annex I- Regulations for the prevention
of pollution by oil
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Annex II - Regulations for the control of
MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
pollution by noxious liquid
substances (NLS) in bulk
liquid bulk cargo (all in ths. tons)
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Annex III - Regulations for the prevention of
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pollution by harmful substances
carried by sea in packaged form
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Annex IV - Regulations for the prevention of
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pollution by sewage from ships
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Annex V- Regulations for the prevention of
pollution by garbage from ships
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Annex VI - Regulations for the
MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
prevention of Air
Pollution From Ships
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
STATUS OF MARPOL 73/78
(as at 31 January 2012)
Annex I
2 October 1983
Annex II
2 October 1983
Annex III
1 July 1992
Annex IV
27 September 2003
Annex V
31 December 1988
Annex VI (protocol 1997) 19 May 2005
Annex I & II Annex III
Annex IV
Annex V
Annex VI
Total number
of States:
151
136
129
143
68
Percentage
tonnage
99
96
87
97
91
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Articles in MARPOL 73/78
MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Article 2: Definitions
Ship = Vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the marine
environment and includes Hydrofoil boats, air-cushions
vehicles, submersibles, floating craft and fixed or
floating platforms
Article 3: Application
(1) The present Convention shall apply to:
ships entitled to fly the flag of a Party to the Convention…
(3) The present Convention shall not apply to any warship,
naval auxiliary or other ship owned or operated by a State
and used, for the time being, only on government noncommercial service.
• However, each Party shall ensure by the adoption of
appropriate measures ---, that such ships act in a manner
consistent with the present Convention!
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Articles in MARPOL 73/78
Article 4: Violation
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(1)
Any violation of the requirements of the Convention
shall be prohibited and sanctions shall be established
therefore under the law of the Administration ----.
(4)
The penalties specified under the law of a party
pursuant to the present article shall be adequate in
severity to discourage violations --- and shall be
equally severe irrespective of where the violation
occurs.
MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Not only MARPOL – also SOLAS:
• Chapter II-2,Regulation 2:
Fire safety objectives and
functional requirements
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Fire safety objectives
1.1 The fire safety objectives are to:
.1
prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion
.2 reduce the risk to life, caused by fire
• .3 reduce the risk of damage, caused by fire to
the ship, its cargo and the environment
.4
contain, control and suppress, fire and explosion in the compartment of origin
.5 provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for passengers and crew
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Not only MARPOL – also SOLAS:
• Chapter V, Regulation 34:
Safe navigation and avoidance
of dangerous situations
2 The voyage plan shall identify a route which:
.1
takes into account any relevant ship’s routeing systems
.2 ensures sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the ship throughout the voyage
.3 anticipates all known navigational hazards and adverse weather conditions
• .4 takes into account the marine environmental
protection measures that apply, and avoids, as far
as possible, actions and activities which could cause
damage to the environment
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MARPOL (Cleaner Ocean)
Not only MARPOL:
Ballast water management
Anti-fouling systems
Recycling of ships
Dumping Conv
OPRC / HNS
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