CABI
SPS Capacity Building in Latin America and
Asia for Exporting Cocoa
Yaoundé, Cameroon 7-10 Jun 2011
Agenda
● About CABI as PEA for Latin America and Asia phase
● Project Background
● Aims, objectives and approach adopted
● A bit about the countries
● SPS activities in Caribbean and Asia
● Gap analysis (ICCO survey completed by T&T - CCIB)
● Proposed solutions and activities
● Quality Management System for Cocoa Value Chain
What is CABI?
CABI is a not for profit
organization providing
scientific expertise,
knowledge and information.
KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE
At a glance
● CABI specialises in agriculture and the
environment
● Activities include: scientific publishing,
research, consultancy, training and
communication
● 100 years old, established in 1910 by UN
treaty
● Owned by 45 member countries
● Over 350 staff based in 13 countries
CABI has three areas of operation
Publishing
Scientific Projects & Consultancy Microbial Services
Our scientific work focuses on three key areas:
Commodities
Knowledge for Development
Invasive Species
Our people
CABI staff locations:
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UK Centres (Wallingford, Ascot, Egham)
South Asia Regional Centre (Pakistan)
Africa Regional Centre (Kenya)
Switzerland Centre
South East Asia Regional Centre (Malaysia)
Caribbean & Latin America Regional Centre (Trinidad)
Brazil Office
China Office
India Office
Costa Rica Office
Netherlands Office
USA Office
Australia Office
Project Background
• Consumer concerns on food safety and threat of contaminants
to human health
• Pesticides, fungicides, herbicides – Toxic
• Ochratoxin A (OTA) & mycotoxins – Damages DNA (mutagen)
• FFA (Free/trans Fatty Acid) – Diabetes
• PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) – Carcinogens
• Heavy metals
 Cadmium (Cd) – Highly toxic and Carcinogenic
 Lead (Pb) – Carcinogen can cause miscarriages and infertility in males
 Mercury (Hg) – Damages nervous system
 Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium) – Toxin and Carcinogen
Project Aims and objectives
Overall objective:
To maintain market access for cocoa beans from
Latin America and Asia through capacity building
in SPS
Specific objectives:
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To raise farmer awareness on SPS standards of
international cocoa market
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To enhance cocoa farmers capacity to apply GAP from
pre- to post-harvest procedures to meet SPS stds
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To enhance institutional capacity in-country to monitor
and enforce adherence to SPS stds in cocoa
ICCO member Countries and Fine Flavour Rating:
Brazil, Dominican Republic-40%P, Ecuador-75%P, Venezuela-95%P,
Papua New Guinea-90%P, Trinidad and Tobago-100%E, Malaysia,
Indonesia-1%P
Approach: Consultations with stakeholders to define
SPS activity and needs in Latin America & Asia
Trinidad and Tobago
Indonesia
● Mapping of Cd soils
● In 2009, established
● Training in Cd testing
● Soil amelioration or selective
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sequestration (anthuriums)
Cd low/free fertilizers,
biofertilizers/rhizobacteria
Use Cd beans for butterfat
Farm certification/traceability
ISO Certified lab for OTA
and Cd
SNI 01-2323-2008 on
Cocoa Powder and
Beans with WTO
T&T gap analysis (ICCO survey sent
Oct 2010 - completed by CCIB)
● Need to improve regulation of agrochemicals
1. Find alternative method to reduce contamination
caused by diesel fuel driers
2. Implement a HACCP system to improve SPS
controls including training of personnel
3. Implement a total quality management system
(QMS) throughout the cocoa value chain
1. Alternatives
to Diesel
driers
• Problem: Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon (PAH) – byproducts of
burning fuels (fossil or biomass)
• Solution: Solar drying – UTT model
for fermentaries ~ US$100,000
Diesel Dryer
Simple Solar Dryer
2. Implement HACCP system
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point -HACCP:
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Internationally accepted system used to ensure safe procedures
and products in food production.
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Set of 7 proactive and preventative standards for identification
and control of safety hazards which must be implemented for
certification.
1. Hazard Analysis
4. Monitoring Procedures
2. Critical Control Points
5. Corrective Actions
3. Critical Limits
6. Verification
7. RECORD KEEPING
2. Implement HACCP system Cont’d
VERIFCATION & CERTIFICATION by CARIRI
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Developing testing & certification capacity at CARIRI. Have
equipment and HR for testing – need training with cocoa
 pesticides and herbicides residues (MRLs) (since 2007
capacity for organophosphate and organochloride testing;
Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), 2 GCs and 1
GC-MS (gold std for FFA and some pesticides)
 Ochratoxin A (ELISA not done in T&T yet- insufficient
demand)
 Heavy Metals (Cadmium) - RoHS compliance (Restriction of
4 Hazardous Substances) - test by GC-MS
 Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) – test by GC-MS
 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (17 PAHs) – by GPC
2. Implement HACCP system Cont’d
VERIFCATION & CERTIFICATION by CARIRI
 Timely testing of samples and Delivery of results
 Issue COA- Certifies compliance to Residue Levels in
sample
 Cost per sample ~US$1,200 (to be paid by importer)
 Pesticide testing – US$500
 Heavy metal – US$50
 FFA – US$100
 PAH – US$500
 Idle capacity – testing services to other ICCO member
countries (DR, Venezuela and Ecuador) risk mitigation
2. Implement HACCP system Cont’d
Who needs to be trained – Website and workshops
Outputs: Manuals & Videos produced
 Cocoa farmers in Quality Management System (QMS) for
pre- and post-harvest to adhere to HACCP standards
 Fermentary operators in QMS for fermenting and drying
beans to HACCP stds
 Shippers and Cargo consolidators to handle cocoa beans
as food to HACCP stds. Possible registration with CCIB
requirement.
3. Quality Management System (QMS)
for Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
QMS is systematic approach to business and
production processes with an emphasis on
customer and quality outcome
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Customer – Cocoa importing countries (meet regulations)
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Quality – HACCP Certification
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Business – Cocoa production
3. Quality Management System (QMS)
for Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
The Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
 GAP/modifications in Production (use of biofertilizers, right
pesticides and herbicides/shade) – from land prep to pod harvest
 Systems approach to Harvesting and processing pods
 Systems approach to Fermenting and drying
 Good Warehouse Practices (GWP) for dry bean storage
(HACCP)
 GWP for shipping of beans (HACCP)
3. Quality Management System (QMS)
for Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
The Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
 GAP in Pre-harvest (use of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides)
 Meet RoHS (Cd, Hg, Pb, Cr (Vi)) standards
 Approved list issued by CCIB
 Increase bean production on farm from 200 to 600 kg/acre.
 Appropriate irrigation
 Appropriate drainage to reduce Cd deposition in fields
3. QMS for
Cocoa Value
Chain in T&T
The Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
 Systems approach to Post-Harvest
processes for quality
 Farm registry for traceability
 Harvest only healthy pods at
maturity
 Grading and cleaning of beans
Fermenting by
time requirement:
5 or 7 days
before fermentation
 Trained labour gangs to help farmers
harvest and get beans to fermentary
same day. Labour and age of
farmers are major constraints
3. QMS for
Cocoa Value
Chain in T&T
The Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
 Systems approach to Fermenting and drying
 Some mechanization for handling beans
 Flow process from receiving beans,
fermenting thru to moving beans to dryers
to HACCP stds
Mechanize movement
of beans thru
fermentary operations
3. QMS for
Cocoa Value
Chain in T&T
The Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
 Systems approach to Fermenting and drying
 Standardize fermenting conditions
 Standardize Drying conditions in
appropriate dryers
 Value added - Make blends to suit
customer
Fermenting by time
requirement: 5 or 7
days
3. Quality Management System (QMS) for
Cocoa Value Chain in T&T
Good Warehouse Practices
 Temperature controlled storage
 20 or 40 shipping foot containers fitted
with AC unit to reduce infestation and
mold growth
 Powered by low cost (US$500) solar or
wind generators
 Shipped by certified cargo handlers
Result is a QMS backed by a certified lab
that can be adapted or modified by all
producing countries to meet contaminant
and quality requirements