Mr. Manskopf
Notes also found at
www.manskopf.com
 Modern
lifestyles require large
amounts of energy. Much of that
energy today comes from
burning nonrenewable fuels.
Using those fuels has a huge
economic, social, political and
environmental impact.
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Define energy and the difference
between kinetic and potential energy
Identify the main forms of energy
Describe how modern societies use
energy.
TERMS: energy, kinetic energy, potential
energy, renewable energy,
nonrenewable energy, electricity.
The
ability to do
work or cause a
change
 Kinetic
energy:
Due to motion
 Potential
energy:
Due to an object’s
position or shape
•Would
coal be a good transportation fuel?
•Would oil be good to use on your stovetop to
heat up some pasta?
Each fuel has its
best use
•Electricity
•Transportation
fuel
•Heating
•Cooking
•Running
machines
Five main purposes for
fuels
 Cooking
 Transportation
 Manufacturing
 Heating/cooling
 Electricity
Some fuels better for
Why is coal not used to fly planes?
some purposes
How should we
decide what fuel to
use for energy?
Political, Economic,
Energy Companies,
Societal Debate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Costs
Environmental Impacts
Availability in near
future and long term
Governmental
Incentives
National and Global
Security
Terrorism
Renewable: Nearly always
available or replaceable in
a relatively short time;
includes sunlight, wind,
flowing water, heat from
Earth
Nonrenewable: Cannot be
replaced in a reasonable
time; includes fossil fuels
and nuclear energy
Non-renewable energy:
 84% of world commercial
energy (78% from fossil
fuels, 6% nuclear)
 Oil, coal, natural gas,
nuclear
Renewable Energy
Sources:
 16% of world’s
commercial energy
resources.
 10% biomass, 5%
hydro, and 1% combo
of geothermal, wind
and solar.
Commercial Energy Use By Source
2002
Global Energy Consumption
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
Define energy and the difference
between kinetic and potential energy
Identify the main forms of energy
Describe how modern societies use
energy.
TERMS: energy, kinetic energy,
potential energy, renewable energy,
nonrenewable energy, electricity.
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Explain how fossil fuels form.
Analyze how coal, oil, and natural
gas is used and what are the benefits
and costs of using it as a fuel source.
Compare the advantages and
disadvantages of fossil fuel use.
Fossil fuels are the
remains of ancient
organisms changed
into solid (coal), liquid
(oil) or gas (natural
gas)
 Why called fossil
fuels?
 Most energy today
is from these 3
Why are fossil
fuels
nonrenewable?
TRAPPED
CHEMICAL
POTENTIAL
ENERGY FROM
ANCIENT
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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How is using fossil fuels like using energy
from “ancient” solar energy?
Your life powered by sun that arrived on
Earth millions of years ago?
Coal formation
After firewood, coal was
the major source of
energy.
End of 1800s coal is the
worlds dominant fuel.
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Steam Engines
Heating
Cooking
Industry
By 1920s, coal provided
80% of US energy.
Powered the industrial
revolution
Caused a great deal of air
pollution.
Coal is a solid fuel
formed in several
stages from remains
of buried plants and
animals.
Consists mostly of
carbon and trace
amounts of sulfur,
mercury and
radioactive materials.
Anthracite is the most
desirable form of coal
(98% carbon)
Takes longer to form
More expensive.
Surface Mining:
 Area Strip Mining
 Contour Strip Mining
 Mountaintop Removal
Underground Mining
Large environmental impact from different mining techniques.
Coal provides 51% of
current U.S.
electricity. (62%
worldwide)
Used to make ¾ of worlds
steel.
A typical 1,000 Megawatt
power plant uses 8,000
tons of coal every day…1
mile long train worth of
coal every day.
91% of coal in U.S. is
used for power
production.
Not useful for
transportation
energy needs.
U.S. has 1/4th of the
world proven
reserves. (16%
Russia, 12% China)
U.S. and China are 2
largest users.
U.S. is able to export
about 4% a year.
According to USGS…
U.S. reserves could last
300 years at current
rate of
consumption…or 64
years if consumption
grows by 4% a year.
World’s most abundant
fossil fuel.
U.S. Energy Projections
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Most abundant
fossil fuel.
Lots of energy
Relatively
inexpensive.
U.S. has plenty of it
for a while.
Power Plants
relatively cheap to
build.
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High environmental
impact (air, water,
land, acid rain)
Global Warming, high
CO2 emissions
Toxic Mercury and
radioactivity
Dangerous to mine
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History of coal use.
What is coal? How is it extracted
from the ground?
How is coal used? How long will it
last?
What are advantages and
disadvantages of using coal?
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What is crude oil? How does crude
oil turn into usable products?
Where does oil come from? Who has
oil?
How is oil used?
What are problems associated with
oil usage?
How much longer will we have oil?
Petroleum, or crude oil is
a thick, gooey liquid
consisting of many
combustible
hydrocarbons.
Formed over millions of
year from decaying
organic materials buried
under the seafloor and
subjected to extreme
temperatures and
pressure.
Crude oil and natural gas often found together in
deep deposits in pores and cracks.
 Found using sophisticated equipment.
 Usually only 30-35% is extractable
 Higher prices mean more can be extracted.
How crude oil is
transported:
 Pipelines
 Trucks
 Oil Tankers
Refining crude oil.
Based upon their
boiling points,
components are
removed in giant
distillation
column.
In US refining
accounts for 8% of
our energy
consumption
1 barrel is
42 gallons
Eleven OPEC countries
contain 78% of
world’s proven oil
reserves
Oil is the world’s
largest business.
Saudi Arabia 25%
Canada 15%
Iraq 11%, UAE 9.3%
U.S.:
 Uses 26%
 Produces 2.9%
 Import 60% (36% in
1973)
2003 $99 billion import bill.
2/3 for transportation
Fig. 17-9 p. 357
Offshore oil accounts for 1/4th of U.S. Oil
Production. 9 of 10 barrels come from the Gulf.
Today oil is trading about $100/barrel
US Oil Supply and Consumption.
Global Oil Consumption: US, China Japan
largest oil consumers.
Most energy expert believe
there are about 1,050
billion barrels left.
Peak Production This
Decade
Rising Demand,
Dwindling Supply =
Higher Prices
Ways of extending oil
supplies:
 Increase CAFÉ
 Find new reserves
 Taxing
 Conservation
 Increased use of other
sources.
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We are used to it
Have a system to
distribute and use it
set up
High energy level
Used in many
products
Relatively low cost
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Running Out
(Nonrenewable)
U.S. has little
Dependent of
foreign sources
POLLUTION
Global Warming
International Politics
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What is crude oil? How does crude oil
turn into usable products?
Where does oil come from? Who has oil?
How is oil used?
What are problems associated with oil
usage?
How much longer will we have oil?
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What is natural gas? Where is it
found?
How is natural gas used?
Who has the world's natural gas
supplies?
What is the future for natural gas?
Mainly methane CH4
Also
 Ethane C2H6
 Propane C3H8
 Butane C4H10
Formed like oil from
buried animals and
plants millions of
years ago.
Deposits usually found above oil deposits.
In past was seen as unwanted waste and burnt off.
Russia (31%) and Iran
(15%) have almost
½ of world’s
reserves.
Reserves could last 62125 years
worldwide.
Geologist expect to
find more.
U.S. supplies should
last 55-80 years
depending upon
demand.
Supplies have been
declining for
years.
Canada???
Main transportation method is pipelines
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53% of heat in U.S.
homes
16% of electricity and
growing quickly
Hot water heaters
Can be used in
vehicles
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Cleaner burning
than coal or oil.
Emits far fewer CO2
per energy units
More efficient
energy producer
and plants are
cheaper to build
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Nonrenewable
Highly Flammable
Air pollution
Global Warming
Can be a challenge
to transport
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What is natural gas? Where is it
found?
How is natural gas used?
Who has the world's natural gas
supplies?
What is the future for natural gas?
Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Unit of Energy
• Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide, which
contributes to global climate change.
• When coal and oil burn, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides are released, which contribute to smog and
acid deposition.
• Oil spills, equipment ruptures, and oil in runoff pollute
waterways, oceans, and coastal areas.
• Coal-fired power plants release
mercury, which harms human
health. Crude oil contains trace
amounts of lead and arsenic.
• Mining:
• Humans risk lives and respiratory health.
• Ecosystems are damaged by habitat
destruction, extensive erosion, acid
drainage, and heavy metal contamination
downslope
of mines.
• Oil and gas extraction:
• Roads and structures built to support
drilling break up habitats and harm
ecosystems.
• The longterm consequences of accidentsAcid drainage from a coal mine
can be uncertain or unpredictable
• Fossil fuels are not evenly distributed over the globe, so
some countries must import fuel sources.
• Nations that import fuel may be
vulnerable to changes in fuel prices
set by suppliers.
• Nations can import less fuel by
developing domestic oil sources
and renewable energy sources.
• Practice of reducing energy use to make
fossil fuels last and to prevent
environmental damage
• Transportation: Gas-efficient cars and
higher gas prices could help conserve
energy in the U.S.
• Personal choices: Individuals can
save energy by turning off lights, taking
public transit, and buying energyefficient appliances.
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How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
What is the history of nuclear technology?
Where is it used today?
What are advantages and disadvantages of
using nuclear power?
What are the disposal issues for high-level
and low level nuclear waste?
What is the future for nuclear power?
Isotopes of uranium and
plutonium undergo
controlled nuclear
fission.
U235 and Pt239
(U contains 92 Protons, how many
neutrons???)
Fission Chain
Reaction, splitting
the nucleus,
releasing heat to
produce steam
• Joining two atomic nuclei to form one nucleus
• Releases much more energy than fission
• Currently impractical because very high temperatures are
needed, but scientists continue exploring fusion for our
future energy needs
Core Reactor: 35,000 to
70,000 fuel rods
 Fuel pellets of 97%
non-fissionable
U238 and 3%
fissionable U235
 Control rods of
Boron and
Cadmium
 Coolant: water
 Containment vessel
“Spent” fuel rods usually
stored onsite in huge
pools of water
Must be stored safely for
10,000 to 24,000 years
Multiple safety layers at
plants.
The heat produced
by the splitting of
uranium is used to
generate electricity
by spinning
turbines.
Plants must be in
continual
operation
Benefits
Costs
No air pollution
Expensive to build
and maintain
Requires little
uranium fuel and
little mining
Catastrophic
accidents are
possible.
Under normal
conditions, nuclear
power plants are
safer for workers
than coal-burning
power plants.
Nuclear waste must
be stored for
thousands of years.
Chernobyl
Fuel Cycle Includes:
 Mining uranium
 Processing fuel
“enrichment”
 Using fuel in reactor
 Storing highly
radioactive waste for
thousands of years
After 15-60 years
reactors become
contaminated with
radioactive
materials and parts
become worn out.
Transporting nuclear
waste for storage
10,000 years or more
Following WW II great
interest in showing how
atomic age could benefit
humankind
Tremendous government
subsidies and research
Government paid ¼ of cost
of building first reactors.
Government paid insurance
1960s and 70s plans for
many U.S. plants
1975 – 53 plants
operating (9% of U.S.
electricity) another 170
plants planned
1978 last plant to be built
was ordered – great
unease about plants
1979 Three-Mile Island, PA
1986 Chernobyl (still a
problem today)
2011 Japanese Plant
Meltdown after Tsunami
Globally plants continue to
be built (441 in
operation, 23 being built)
U.S.
In 2010:
 103 in operation
 21% of countries
electricity (huge
plants)
US Energy Information
Agency predicts 27%
fewer plants in 2020
Globally:
 441 plants (32
under
construction)
 17% of world’s
electricity
 Growing 2.5%
yearly
Leading countries:
 Lithuania 80%
 France 78%
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Large Fuel Supply
Little Air Pollution
and CO2 emissions
Moderate to low
water and land
environmental
impact
Low risk of accidents
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High cost of building
and operating plants
Possibility of
catastrophic accidents
No long-term solutions
for waste
Spreads knowledge of
nuclear weapon
technology
Terrorist Attacks
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How does a nuclear fission reactor work?
What is the nuclear fuel cycle?
What is the history of nuclear technology?
Where is it used today?
What are advantages and disadvantages of
using nuclear power?
What are the disposal issues for high-level
and low level nuclear waste?
What is the future for nuclear power?
1) If you were in charge, what energy
source would you recommend?
2) What is the future of fossil fuels?
3) What can our government do to
encourage energy conservation?