THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION BEGINS
What is it?
“Industrialization”
The Next Three Days
Today & Tomorrow
Dawn of the Industrial Age
(Pages 246-249 plus class notes)
The Industrial Revolution Spreads
(Pages 298-303 plus class notes)
The New Imperialism
(Pages 386-391 plus class notes)
Friday
Unit Test (20 points)
15 Multiple Choice - 5 Vocabulary/Word Bank
(7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads
B) Agriculture Spurs Industry
C) New Technology Becomes Key
LIFE CHANGES AS
INDUSTRY SPREADS
The Simple Life of 1750
 Most people worked the land using handmade tools
 Lived in simple cottages lit by firelight & candles
 Made their own clothing
 Exchanged goods with nearby towns at weekly
outdoor market
 Knew little about the world beyond their village
 How far could your horse take you?
LIFE CHANGES AS
INDUSTRY SPREADS
Fast forward to the 1850s
 Country villages had grown into industrial towns
 Clothing and food were likely made/grown elsewhere
 Travel between countries and continents by train or
steamship
 People begin sending messages along telegraphs
 New inventions were common occurrences
LIFE CHANGES AS INDUSTRY SPREADS
Advancements
 Machines
 Technology
 Medicine & Understanding
(7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads
B) Agriculture Spurs Industry
C) New Technology Becomes Key
AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRY
Farming Methods Improve
 Prior to this time, people farmed in ways they did over
11,000 years ago
 Change begins with the Dutch people when they build
earthen walls (dikes) to reclaim land from the sea
 Use fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil
 British begin exchanging ideas with farm journals
AGRICULTURE SPURS INDUSTRY
Farming Methods Improve
 Mix different soils to get higher crop yields
 New methods of crop rotation
 Grow turnips to restore exhausted soil
 New inventions for planting, turning, cultivating
ENCLOSURE INCREASES OUTPUT
BUT CAUSES MIGRATION
“Enclosure” – the process of taking over and
consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
 Trend in 1500s was to enclose
land for more pastures for sheep
to increase wool output
 In 1700s there was need to create
larger fields for more efficient
cultivation
 Resulted in larger farms,
increasing output…but fewer farm
workers were now needed
…AND AS A RESULT
Fewer workers needed, small farmers
forced off their land because they couldn’t
compete
 Villages shrink in size and
workers head off to the
towns and cities looking
for work
 This is the labor force
who would soon tend to
the machines of the
Industrial Revolution
POPULATION
MULTIPLIES
Rapid growth of population
 Britain’s population soars from 5 million (1700) to
9 million (1800)
 Europe’s population from 120 million to 180 million
 Had never occurred like this before – WHY?
1) Risk of death reduced from famine because of surplus of food
2) Since people ate better, they were healthier
3) Better hygiene and sanitation plus improved medical care…all
slowed deaths from disease
(7.1) DAWN OF THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
A) Life Changes as Industry Spreads
B) Agriculture Spurs Industry
C) New Technology Becomes Key
video
NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY
An Energy Revolution: New sources
of energy and new materials for use
 One vital power source was coal
 1712 – British inventor Thomas
Newcomen develops steam engine
powered by coal to pump water out
of mines
 1764 – James Watt makes
improvements on the engine in
order to make it more efficient
 The steam engine opens the door to
operating machinery and powering
locomotives and steamships
NEW TECHNOLOGY BECOMES KEY
The Quality of Iron Improves
 Coal was vital source of fuel
in the production of iron
 Iron needed for the
construction of machines
and steam engines
 Darby family of
Coakbrookdale pioneers
new methods of producing
iron
 1709 – Abraham Darby uses coal instead of charcoal to
smelt iron (separate iron from its ore)
(9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION SPREADS
A) New Industrial Powers Emerge
B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
C) Transportation and Communication Advances
D) Business Takes a New Direction
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Britain has a head start
 Initially, Britain tries to
enforce strict rules against
exporting inventions
 1807 – British mechanic
opens factories in Belgium to
manufacture spinning and
weaving machines
 Belgium is the 2nd European nation (after Britain) to
industrialize
 By the mid-1800s, other nations join the race to
challenge Britain’s industrial supremacy
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Nations Race to Industrialize
 Nations such as Germany,
France, and the United States
had more abundant supplies
of coal, iron, and other
resources than did Britain
 These countries “borrowed”
British experts or technology
 The first American textile factory build in Rhode Island
with plans smuggled out of Britain
 Robert Fulton powers his steamboat with one of Watt’s
steam engines
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Germany and United States Excel
 1871 – Germany
unites into a powerful
nation
 Within a few decades,
becomes Europe’s
leading industrial
power
 After the Civil War, the United States advances even
more rapidly
 By 1900, the US is manufacturing 30% of the world’s
industrial goods, surpassing Britain as leader
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Uneven Growth & Effects of Industrialization
 Other names industrialize
more slowly
 Lack natural resources or
capital to invest in industry
 Russia had resources, but
lacks social/political unity
 Industrialization results in social changes
 Huge quantities of new goods
at lower prices
 Increased demand creates jobs
 Politicians respond to needs of
industry
 Rapid urbanization
 Men, women, and
children work long
hours in harsh
conditions
(9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION SPREADS
A) New Industrial Powers Emerge
B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
C) Transportation and Communication Advances
D) Business Takes a New Direction
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
 By the 1880s, companies hire
professional chemists and
engineers to create new
products and machinery
 The merging of science,
technology, and industry
spurs economic growth
 American inventor and British engineer develop new
process for making steel from iron – patented in 1856
 Steel was mightier, harder, and more durable than ironplus it can be produced more cheaply
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Innovations in Chemistry
 Chemists create hundreds
of new products: aspirin,
perfumes, soaps, fertilizers
 1866: Alfred Nobel invents
dynamite, used in
construction…but also in
warfare (Nobel Peace Prize)
 Late 1800s, electricity replaces steam as dominant
source of industrial power
 Michael Faraday creates the first electric motor and the
first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Electric Power Comes of Age
 1870s: Thomas Edison
makes the first light bulb
 Huge impact upon cities,
quickens the pace of city life,
factories operate after dark
 1890s: Cables carry electrical
power from dynamos to
factories
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
New Methods of Production
 As the 19th century progressed,
factories using large numbers of
workers and power-driven
machines to mass-produce goods
 To improve efficiency, manufacturers design products
with interchangeable parts (identical components that
could be used in place of one another)
 Simplifies both the assembly and repair of products
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Introduction of the Assembly Line
 By the early 1900s,
manufacturers introduce a new
method of production, the
assembly line
 Workers add parts to a product
that moves along a belt from
one work station to the next
 This proved to be more efficient, but it took most of
the joy out of the work itself
(9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION SPREADS
A) New Industrial Powers Emerge
B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
C) Transportation and Communication Advances
D) Business Takes a New Direction
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Transportation and Communication Advances
 Transportation and
communications are
transformed by technology
 Steamships replace sailing
ships
 The building of railroads
takes off, connects inland
cities and seaports, mining A transcontinental railroad connects
people from the east and west coasts
regions, and industrial
centers
 Passengers and goods ride the rails all over the world
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
The Automobile Age Begins
 1876: Nikolaus Otto invents a gasolinepowered internal combustion engine
 1886: Karl Benz patents the first
automobile
 1887: Gottlieb
Daimler introduces
the first automobile
 Henry Ford makes
models that can
travel 25 mph using
assembly line tech
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPREADS
Internal Combustion Engine Powers More Than Cars
 Motorized threshers and reapers
boost farm production
 Sustained, pilot-controlled flight
Rapid Communication
 The world becomes smaller
 1844: Telegraph invented
 1860s: Undersea cable laid between
Europe and North America
 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
(9.1) THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION SPREADS
A) New Industrial Powers Emerge
B) Technology Sparks Industrial Growth
C) Transportation and Communication Advances
D) Business Takes a New Direction
page 302 in textbook
Video: Building New York City
(12.1) BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES
A) Motives Driving the New Imperialism
B) The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism
C) Forms of Imperial Rule
What is it?
“Imperialism”
“The domination by one country of the political,
economic, or cultural life of another country or region.”
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
During the 1800s, the Industrial Revolution
had transformed the Western World
 Advances in science and technology,
industry, transportation, and
communication provide Western
nations with many advantages
 Europe gains considerable power
 Strong, centrally governed nationstates with growing economies
 This “new imperialism” was the result of many
developments taking place throughout the world
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
This “new imperialism” was the
result of many developments taking
place throughout the world
 Economic Interests Spur Expansion
 Political and Military Motives
 Humanitarian and Religious Goals
 Applying Social Darwinism
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
Economic Interests
Spur Expansion
 The Industrial Revolutions created needs and desires
that spurred overseas expansion
 Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources
such as rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, and
palm oil for machinery
 They also hoped for new markets of consumers
 Bankers sought ventures to invest their profits
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
Political and Military
Motives
 Political and military issues closed linked to
economic motives
 Steam-powered merchant ships and naval vessels
need bases around the world to take on coal and
supplies - “Let’s seize islands and harbors!”
 Nationalism is important, too! When France moves
into West Africa, Britain and Germany seize nearby
lands to halt French expansion
 The feeling of prestige when you’re a global power
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
Humanitarian and
Religious Goals
 Many Westerners felt a genuine concern for their
“little brothers” beyond the seas
 Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officers believed
they had a duty to spread the “blessings” of Western
civilization…including medicine, law, and Christian
religion
MOTIVES DRIVING THE NEW IMPERIALISM
Applying Social
Darwinism
 Growing sense among people in the West that they
were racially superior – “Social Darwinism”
 Darwin advocated natural selection and survival of the
fittest to human societies
 Argued that European races were superior to all
others…hence they should dominate the weaker races
since it was nature’s way of improving the human
species
(12.1) BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES
A) Motives Driving the New Imperialism
B) The Rapid Spread of Western Imperialism
C) Forms of Imperial Rule
THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
Weakness of Non-Western States
 As European nations were
growing stronger, many older
civilizations were in declineOttoman Middle East, Mughal
India, and Qing China
 Wars among African people and
damaging effect of the slave trade
undermines established empires,
kingdoms, and city-states
 Newer African states were not
strong enough to resist
THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
Western Advantages
 Strong Economies, wellorganized governments,
and powerful armies/navies
 Advances in weapons were
strong arguments
 Superior technology,
medical knowledge
 New medicines helped Europeans survive deadly
tropical diseases
THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
Resisting Imperialism
 Africans and Asians strongly resist Western
expansion into their lands
 Fought, despite having inferior weapons
 Nationalist movements form to expel imperialists
Facing Criticism at Home
 Small groups of anti-imperialists voice displeasure
 Some argue that colonialism was tool of the rich
THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
Forms of Imperial Rule
 French sent officials and soldiers from France to
administer their colonies (DIRECT RULE)
 British used sultans, chiefs, or other local rulers
(INDIRECT RULE)
 Brits encouraged local
ruling class to send their
children to Britain to get
education, grooming next
generation in Western
culture
THE RAPID SPREAD OF WESTERN IMPERIALISM
Forms of Imperial Rule
 In a protectorate, local rulers left
in place but were expected to
follow the advice of European
advisors on issues such as
trade or missionary activity
 In a sphere of influence,
the outside power
claimed exclusive
investment or trading
privileges (ex: China)