Environmental Interactions: Rural
Land Resources
Rural Land Resources are
the product of the
interaction of a wide range
of physical factors modified
by human activity.
The resultant rural
landscapes offer a variety of
physical, economic and
social opportunities.
Environmental Interactions: Rural
Land Resources
1. Characteristics of glaciated upland, upland
limestone and coastal landscapes.
2. The evolution of these landscapes.
3. Economic and social opportunities in these
areas.
4. Environmental problems and conflicts in
these areas.
5. UK and European Union policies.
Assessment in Rural Land Resources
The content covered in this unit will be assessed
in paper 2.
Limestone: Yorkshire Dales
Environmental Interactions:
Rural Land Resources
Topic Outline
• Limestone landforms in the Yorkshire Dales.
• Background to the Yorkshire Dales.
• Land Use in the Yorkshire Dales:
– Farming
– Tourism
– Quarrying
• Land use conflict in the Yorkshire Dales.
• Management of land use conflicts.
Aims of the lesson
• To introduce the Rural Land Resources Unit.
• To practice answering 20 mark questions on
upland limestone landforms.
Limestone Landforms in the Yorkshire
Dales
Lets create a list of limestone landforms you
have learnt about in the Yorkshire Dales.
Can you remember the named examples?
Limestone Pavement e.g. Malham
Cove
Potholes e.g. Gaping Gill
Shakeholes
Resurgent Streams
Scars & Scree Slopes e.g. Raven Scar
Gorge e.g. Cheddar Gorge
Dry Valley
Caverns e.g. Ingleborough Caves
Stalactites, Stalagmites & Pillars e.g.
Ingleborough Caves
2012 PPQ Paper 2 Q1a
The Yorkshire Dales National Park
is an area of Upland Limestone.
With the aid of annotated
diagrams, describe and explain
how the main physical
features of upland limestone
landscapes are formed.
Both surface and underground
features should be included in
your answer.
Tips:
• Arrange your answer into a
series of subheadings:
(20 Marks)
•
1.
Surface Features
•
2.
Underground Features
•
•
•
•
Limestone Pavement
Caverns
Stalactites, Stalagmites &
Pillars
4 Marks awarded for named
examples.
Detailed explanation of
processes required.
16 marks only if no diagrams
included.
Homework
Complete your 20 mark question at home for
next lesson.
Summary
So far we have…
• Introduced the Rural Land Resources Unit.
• Practiced answering 20 mark questions on
upland limestone landforms.
Aim of the lesson
• To practice answering 20 mark questions on
upland limestone landforms.
Peer Marking
Pass your finished 20 mark answer to another member of
the class.
Using a highlighter you will mark on the areas where you
would give marks.
Use the marking scheme provided and textbooks to help
you.
As bullet points, add in any information you feel they
have missed out.
Homework
Using the peer feedback you have been
provided with, rewrite your answer to include all
of the missed information.
Summary
So far we have…
• Introduced the Rural Land Resources Unit.
• Practiced answering 20 mark questions on
upland limestone landforms.
Aim of the lesson
• To practice answering 20 mark questions.
• To develop our ability to write extended
answers under exam timed conditions.
Sample Answer
Take a look at this sample answer for the
question you have been tackling in class.
Using a post-it, mark this sample answer and
also write down any information you feel it may
have missed.
Now take a look at this handwritten version.
Time Test
The Yorkshire Dales National Park is an area of Upland Limestone.
With the aid of annotated diagrams, describe and explain how the main
physical
features of upland limestone landscapes are formed.
Both surface and underground features should be included in your answer.
(20 Marks)
Summary
So far we have…
• practiced answering 20 mark questions.
• developed our ability to write extended
answers under exam timed conditions.
True or False?
Aims of the lesson
• To learn about the location and background of
the Yorkshire Dales
• To learn the definition of social, economic and
environmental factors.
Location of the Yorkshire Dales
Using the “Modern School
Atlas” you are going to writer
a brief description of the
location of the Yorkshire
Dales.
It should include:
• When it opened: 1954
• The name of a settlement
within it: M______.
• The names of three cities
nearby.
• The names of the main
roads connecting those
cities to the Dales.
Location of the Yorkshire Dales
The Yorkshire Dales
National park was founded
in 1954. It is located in the
north east of England.
One of the main
settlements in the Dales is
Malham.
Three major cities nearby to
the park are Birmingham,
Newcastle (both connected
by the A1) and Manchester
(connected by the M65).
Social, Economic & Environmental
Factors
A social factor is one
which will affects the
people in the area.
An economic factor is
one which affects
industry in the area.
An environmental factor
is one which affects the
natural landscape.
Factors Affecting the Yorkshire Dales
Each pair has been given a set of cards containing
information on factors affecting the Yorkshire Dales.
You must divide these factors into 3 groups:
1. Social Factors
2. Economic Factors
3. Environmental Factors
There may be some cross over.
Once complete, take a copy of these into your notes.
In 2004 it was estimated that
tourism brought £350 million
to the Yorkshire Dales. The
industry supports approx 1250
jobs within the park and the
surrounding area.
Tourism has led to an increase
in services in towns like
Malham e.g. cafes,
restaurants, shops, hotels.
Heavy use of footpaths causes
erosion and widens the path
as people avoid muddy areas.
This leads to some paths being
4 times their normal width.
Tourists trespass on farmland
causing damage to crops and
to dry stone walls.
Litter, dog waste and
intentional vandalism are a
constant problem in the
National Park. It increases the
risk to livestock and wildlife.
As a result of footpath erosion,
grazing land is also lost in the
Yorkshire Dales.
Limestone pavements like
Malham Cove have been
damaged by feet and stone
removal.
The lifestyle of the locals is
encroached through increased
noise, disturbance and loss of
privacy.
Housing prices have increased
in towns like Malham. Locals
can no longer afford to
purchase homes here.
Review Questions
• Give 2 social factors affecting the Yorkshire
Dales you have learnt.
• Give 2 economic factors affecting the
Yorkshire Dales you have learnt.
• Give 2 environmental factors affecting the
Yorkshire Dales you have learnt.
Summary
• To learn about the location and background of
the Yorkshire Dales
• To learn the definition of social, economic and
environmental factors.
Aims of the lesson
• To understand how quarrying is a suitable land
use for the Yorkshire Dales.
• To learn the social, economic and
environmental impacts of quarrying in YD with
reference to named examples.
• To identify conflicts and solutions between
quarrying and other land uses in the YD with
reference to named examples.
Jobs
You should be in groups with a maximum of 4 people
per group
– Timekeeper – keeping track of the time and making sure all
tasks are completed within the time limit.
– Resource Manager – responsible for collecting and returning all
resources required e.g. maps, paper etc.
– Chairperson – ensures that everyone has a chance to have their
say and help keep the discussion on track.
– Recorder – Makes notes on what has been discussed by the
group.
What you will need
Once each person in the group has a role the
Resource Manager should collect the following
– A copy of the Ingleton map
– A set of characters (4) and statements (6) for your
group
– Lined paper to record the discussions
Roles
For this activity each of you is going to take on a
role:
1. Quarry Manager
2. Local Resident
3. National Park Authority Representative
4. Potholer
Task 1: Discussion
• As a group identify the quarry at grid reference 706740
(this quarry spills over into parts of two squares).
• The owners of this quarry have applied to extend the
quarry to the North-west of its current location.
• As a group you will have to discuss the merits and
disadvantages of the extension and come to a decision on
whether or not the extension can go ahead.
• You will have 15 minutes for your initial discussions – the
recorder should keep accurate notes of what is being
discussed, timekeepers and chairperson make sure the
group is on track!
Task 2: Conflict Spider Diagram
For the Yorkshire Dales we are going to create
am A3 spider diagram that outlines the key
conflicts that exist between land uses.
We will also add in possible solutions to these
conflicts.
Tourism
Conflicts
YORKSHIRE
DALES
Quarrying
Farming
Solutions
Suitable
Summary
Today we have…
• understood how quarrying is a suitable land
use for the Yorkshire Dales.
• learnt the social, economic and environmental
impacts of quarrying in YD with reference to
named examples.
• identified conflicts and solutions between
quarrying and other land uses in the YD with
reference to named examples.
Review Questions
Aims of the lesson
• To understand how farming is a suitable land
use for the Yorkshire Dales.
• To learn the challenges and changes to
farming in the Yorkshire Dales with reference
to named examples.
• To identify conflicts and solutions between
farming and other land uses in the YD with
reference to named examples.
Farming in the Yorkshire Dales
The Yorkshire Dales
landscape is one of small
fields enclosed with
limestone dry stone
walls.
This traditional way of
life is now increasingly
under threat due to
pressure on farming
practices.
Sheep farming
Cattle are reared
where there is
slightly
better pasture.
Suitability of Farming in Yorkshire
Dales
Why do you think that
farming is a suitable
land use in the
Yorkshire Dales?
Add this information to
your A3 spider
diagram.
Diversification
Diversification is when
farmers give over land
to purposes other than
farming.
In your notes,
brainstorm some ideas
for a diversified farm.
Diversification
on farms
Farm shop
New products
Tea rooms
Places to stay
Campsites
Hotels
Bunkhouses
Guesthouses
B&B
Mountain Biking
Motor biking
Caving / Potholing
Walking
Pony
Trekking
Your Diversified Farm
Each of you is going to get the
chance to plan your own
diversified farm in the Yorkshire
Dales.
It should:
• Be completed on graph paper.
• Be neatly annotated.
• Contain a wide variety of
different examples of
diversification.
Use the photographs on your
tables and p34 of the Higher
Environmental Interactions
textbook to help you.
Conflict Spider Diagram
Using the information on p32 and 33 of the
Higher Environmental Interactions textbook.
Look carefully at figure 1.47a & 1.47b.
Pressures & Solutions
Conflicts
Solutions
•
•
•
•
•
•
Increased production costs mean small
farms struggle to compete with
agribusiness.
Increased pressure from tourists.
Despite EU grants, subsidies and price
guarantees, farmers still struggle to
maintain income levels.
Maintenance of traditional farm lifestyle is
uneconomical.
Sale prices for stock have fallen. Increases
in cheaper imports, BSE and reduced
demand for meat products.
•
•
•
•
•
UK Government payments for farmers in
less favoured areas.
EU Common Agricultural Policy supports
cattle and sheep farmers.
Farm diversification increases income.
Barn and walls conservation scheme
payments.
Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS)
pays grants to farmers who manage their
land in a traditional way.
Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs).
Farmers who own ESAs receive payments
for reducing the intensity of production.
Summary
So far we have…
• understood how farming is a suitable land use
for the Yorkshire Dales.
• learnt the challenges and changes to farming
in the Yorkshire Dales with reference to
named examples.
• identified conflicts and solutions between
farming and other land uses in the YD with
reference to named examples.
Aims of the Lesson
• To understand why the Yorkshire dales is
situated for the tourist industry.
• To learn the social, economic and
environmental impacts of tourism in YD with
reference to named examples.
• To identify conflicts and solutions between
tourism and other land uses in the YD with
reference to named examples.
Malham Honey pot
Problems include
parking
Places to stay
Campsites
Hotels
Bunkhouses
Guesthouses
B&B
Mountain Biking
Motor biking
Caving / Potholing
Walking
Pony
Trekking
Goredale Scar
Malham Cove
Janet’s Foss a beauty spot close to Malham
Activity
Think about all the land uses the YD have that
are aimed at tourism.
Try to sort them into a table with the following
headings:
Social
Economic
Environmental
Small quaint
villages
Hotels and B&Bs
Beautiful Scenery
Close to major
cities
Limestone caves for
caving
Add this information to
your spider diagram
Problems
What are some of the
problems of tourism in the YD?
Use the tourism information
sheet to create a poster for
tourism in the YD.
It should promote sustainable
tourism by explaining how the
activities people will be taking
part in will not negatively
impact the environment.
Your poster should include:
1. Why tourism is popular in
the Dales.
2. Problems caused by
unsustainable tourism.
3. Methods used to make
tourism sustainable in the
Dales.
4. Plenty of facts and figures!
Ritter Paving used to surface car parks providing a
Hard wearing surface that is environmentally friendly
Conflict Spider Diagram
Using the information from your poster and
tourism hand-out to complete your diagram for
tourism.
Summary
• So far we have…
– Seen what type of tourist activities are available in
the Yorkshire dales and be able to explain why
they are suited for this environment.
– Looked at some of the problems of the tourist
industry and tried to find some workable solutions
that keep the industry sustainable
– Used named examples of villages that have tried
to combat the conflict of tourist with locals.
Past Paper Question (2012)
• Social – tourism, recreation, nature
conservation.
• Economic – farming, forestry, water supply,
energy generation, quarrying.
Sample Answer
The YDs can be found in the north west of England. It is nearby to major
cities such as Newcastle, Leeds and Manchester (1) which makes it an ideal
area for day trippers and weekend visitors (1). They can access the area easily
on roads such as the A1 (1).
This means that the YDs has access to a large number of tourists. The
outstanding natural beauty of the area (1), including limestone pavements at
Malham (1), all act as a hook for people. This has provided economic
opportunities for people to set up tourist led industries such as B&Bs and
cafes (1). In turn this has led to a thriving business and around 1250 jobs for
the locals of the area (1).
The number of tourists and natural scenery allowed the creation of a National
park in 1954 (1). This increased the price of housing in the area. It also
allowed for restrictions being placed on buildings helping small villages and
towns to retain their charm (1).
The presence of limestone (1) has allowed for quarrying to take place e.g.
Swindon Quarry (1). These 8 quarries employ roughly 7% of the YD
population (1).
Sample Answer
The YDs can be found in the north west of England. It is nearby to major
cities such as Newcastle, Leeds and Manchester (1) which makes it an ideal
area for day trippers and weekend visitors (1). They can access the area easily
on roads such as the A1 (1).
This means that the YDs has access to a large number of tourists. The
outstanding natural beauty of the area (1), including limestone pavements at
Malham (1), all act as a hook for people. This has provided economic
opportunities for people to set up tourist led industries such as B&Bs and
cafes (1). In turn this has led to a thriving business and around 1250 jobs for
the locals of the area (1).
The number of tourists and natural scenery allowed the creation of a National
park in 1954 (1). This increased the price of housing in the area. It also
allowed for restrictions being placed on buildings helping small villages and
towns to retain their charm (1).
The presence of limestone (1) has allowed for quarrying to take place e.g.
Swindon Quarry (1). These 8 quarries employ roughly 7% of the YD
population (1).
Aims of the lesson
• To look more closely at conflicts between land
users in the Yorkshire Dales.
• To discuss possible solutions to these
problems in the Yorkshire Dales.
Land Use in Physical Environments
• Land Use: How we make
use of the land.
• Land Use Conflict: How
different land uses have
difficulties with each
other.
• Land Use Management:
Measures put in place to
reduce difficulties
between different land
users
Limestone: Yorkshire Dales
• Created in 1954
• Land Uses:
– Quarrying
• Limestone easy to extract.
• Used in steel industry.
– Hill-Sheep Farming
• Cold & wet climate – poor
for growing crops.
• Very little water near the
surface.
– Tourism
• £50 million per year.
– Military
• Tough landscape suitable
for training.
Land Use Conflicts
Roles
Each of you is going to be
given a role to take on for this
activity.
• Malham Local
• Tourist
• Quarry Worker
• Farmer
Task
You are going to discuss the
reasons why each of the land
uses would be in conflict with
each other.
Two people will discuss the
reasons why they are in conflict.
One person will chair the
discussion.
One person will keep notes on
what is being said.
Land Use Conflict
Locals V Tourists
Damage to local way of
life.
Traffic congestion.
Increased house
prices.
Loss of services for
locals.
Loss of young people.
Quarrying V Local
Residents
Tourists V Farmers
Litter.
Air pollution from
lorries transporting
limestone.
Traffic congestion on
the roads.
Gates left open.
Livestock frightened
by dogs off leash.
Landscape
degradation (dry
stone walls &
footpaths)
Solutions: Quarry V Locals
1. Limited blasting
2. Wash lorries (remove
dust)
3. Covered trains
(contain dust)
4. New tracks
5. Tree screening
6. Redevelop quarry
after use.
Solutions: Farmers V Tourists
1. Put up signs to
educate tourists on
Country Code.
2. Provide litter bins.
3. Kissing gates.
4. Projects to repair
walls.
5. Hard surface
footpaths.
Solutions: Tourists V Locals
1. Preferential housing
for locals.
2. Ritter paving
(increase parking
space).
3. Park & ride
schemes.
4. Postal Bus Shuttle.
2008 Past Paper Question
For the Peak District
Tips:
National Park or a named • You must make
upland area you have
reference to a named
studied; explain the
area with examples.
environmental problems
• Deal with each conflict
and conflicts which may
separately:
arise from the competing
– Tourist V Locals
demands of different land
– Locals V Quarry
uses.
– Farmers V Tourists
14 Marks
– Farmers V Quarry etc.
Sample Answer
For the Peak District National Park or a named upland area you have studied; explain
the environmental problems and conflicts which may arise from the competing
demands of different land uses.
14 Marks
ANSWER
Summary
So far we have…
• looked more closely at conflicts between land
users in the Yorkshire Dales.
• discussed possible solutions to these
problems in the Yorkshire Dales.
Aims of the lesson
• To learn the names of organisations
responsible for managing and protecting the
landscape of the Yorkshire Dales.
• To learn the names of schemes that land users
can use in order to promote sustainable
development in the YD.