Air
conditioning
and
ventilation.
Co-funded by the Intelligent
Energy Europe Programme of
the European Union
Overview
 Introduction




Fields of application – air conditioning
Fields of application – ventilation
Reasons for excess consumption
Ways of energy savings
 Theory
 Identify minimum air exchange rate
 Identify ventilation systems that are
necessary
 Check if organisational measures improve
the air conditioning and ventilation
situation
 Define a ventilation plan
 Exercises
 Business Case
 Summary
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Fields of application – air
conditioning
There is a wide range of space cooling
activities in the textile industry. The application
and use depend on the location in Europe.
They are used:
 To maintain satisfactory working conditions
 To maintain product quality (e.g. cold rooms)
 To maintain input material quality and
handling characteristics, e.g. enclosed waste
storage areas in Scandinavia, prevention of
corrosion on components treatment in
surface treatment metal industries
The systems can be localised (e.g. Infra red
space heaters for equipment in storage areas)
or centralised (e.g. air conditioning systems in
offices).
[1, p. 236]
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Fields of application Ventilation
A ventilation system is
essential for many industrial
installations to function well.
 It protects staff from
pollutant and emissions
within premises
 It maintains a clean working
atmosphere to protect
product quality.
[1, p. 238]
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Reasons for excess consumption
of air conditioning/ventilation
Excess consumption through technical issues:
 Undersized acclimatization
 Obsolete systems
 Lack of automatic control
 Uninsulated ducts, pipes and fittings
 Use of decentralized systems with individual
controls
 Low thermal characteristics in building construction
 Accesses, such as windows and doors, not
caulked
 Malfunction of network accessories
Excess consumption through behavioral issues:
 Accesses are kept open during use of air
conditioning
 Temperature set-point higher than necessary (or
lower if in summer)
 System kept on without being needed
[2, p. 11]
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It is estimated that 10 %
of the electricity
consumption in
companies is by
ventilation systems.
Where there is also air
conditioning, ventilation
and air conditioning can
take up an even larger
share of the corporate
energy budget.
[1, p. 240]
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Ways of energy savings
Energy savings can be achieved in two
ways:

Reducing the cooling needs by:
Building insulation
Efficient glazing
Air infiltration reduction
Automatic closure of doors
Destratification
Lower temperature settings during nonproduction periods (programmable regulation)
– Reducing set point
–
–
–
–
–
–

Improving the efficiency of heating systems
through:
– Recovery or use of waste heat
– Heat pumps
– Radiative and local heating systems coupled
with reduced temperatures in the unoccupied
areas of the buildings
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[3, p. 13]
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Approach
1. Identify minimum air
exchange rate
2. Identify the ventilation
systems that are necessary
3. Check if organisational
measures improve the air
conditioning and
ventilation situation
4. Define a ventilation plan
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1. Identify minimum air
exchange rate
Necessary minimum air exchange rate
Type of room
Air exchange rate
in 1/hour
Criteria for air
exchange
Warehouse
2 to 6
Number of persons
Production hall, assembly
hall
1,5 to 7
Number of persons
Printing
4 to 6
Air pollution
Laundry
15 to 25
Moisture, odours
Rolling mills
10 to 40
Heat, air pollution
Glassworks
20 to 80
Heat, air pollution
[4, p. 28]
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2. Identify ventilation systems
that are necessary



General ventilation:
 Used to change the air in large volume working
areas.
 Type of systems depends on the premises of
ventilation, the pollution, and whether or not air
conditioning is required.
 The lower the flowrate, the lower the energy
consumption is.
Process ventilation:
 Is integrated into the heart of the process
 Used to remove pollution, cool machines,
circulate cooled or heated air etc.
Specific ventilation:
 Designed to remove emissions as close as
possible to the source.
 Directed at localised pollutant emissions
[1, p. 240]
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3. Organisational measures
a. Rearrange
workplace
b. Change
behaviour
c. Technical measures
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a. Rearrange workplace
 Measure:
Using clean and effective
coolers. Verify dirt deposition in
all heat transfer surfaces
 Effect:
Reduction of electric and
thermal consumptions; cost
reduction and emission
reduction because of reduction
of electric consumption and in
use of combustibles
 Important:
Cost effective measure, should
always be checked
[5]
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b. Change behaviour
 Cooling
 Free-cooling
 Repairing leaks
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Cooling
 Measure:
Use cooling only when
area is occupied
 Effect:
Reduction of electric and
thermal consumptions
 Important:
Applies for comfort areas,
technical areas such as
server rooms, display
rooms, etc. should be
analyzed separately
[5]
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Free-Cooling



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Measure:
– Use free-cooling whenever possible
– Free cooling takes place when the external ambient air
enthalpy is less than the indoor air enthalpy
Effect:
 Reduction of electric and thermal consumptions
[5]
Important:
– Available when the outside temperature is lower than the
inside and cooling is required, e.g. cooling production plant
in winter. Cold water maybe used to cool machines and get
warmed up at the same time; savings up to 40% (higher in
very cold climates)
– This free contribution can be transferred to the system
needing cooling either directly or indirectly.
[1, p. 244]
Introduction - Theory - Exercises - Business Case - Summary
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Repairing leaks
 Measure:
Repair leaks in ventilation
pipework
 Effect:
Reduction of electric
consumption; cost
reduction and Emission
reduction because of
electric consumption
reduction
 Important:
Very cost effective
measure, should always
be checked
[5]
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c. Technical measures
 Adequate ventilation
control
 Timer switch
 Removal of
covering/impediments
 Window frames
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Adequate ventilation control
 Measure:
 Use of frequency converter
 Effect:
 Adequate ventilation control,
reduced electricity consumption,
better air quality
 Important:
 Opportunities for integrating air
control into a central building
control system should be
screened
 During current peaks ventilation
systems can be regulated or
switched off for a short period
[4, p. 28]
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Timer switch
 Measure:
Control optimization with a timer
switch and/or occupancy sensor
 Effect:
Reduction of the amount of
ventilation; reduction of electric
consumption
 Important:
Air conditioning consumes
electricity, which is more expensive
and more carbon intensive than
heating, this is why different
thresholds haven been chosen.
Low thresholds, because quite
inexpensive BP.
[5]
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Removal of covering /
impediments
 Measure:
– Removal of covering /
impediments from air
conditioners
 Effect:
 Reduction of electric and
of combustible
consumption
 Important:
 Savings low-medium
 Cautiousi approach is
recommended, because
removals have a security
function
[5]
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Window frames
 Measure:
Adoption of high
efficiency window frames
 Effect:
Reduction of electric and
thermal consumptions
 Important:
Savings Low Low/Medium
[5]
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4. Define a ventilation plan
A ventilation plan is a system
consisting of many interacting parts.
For instance:
 The air system (intake, distributor,
transport network)
 The fans (fans, motors,
transmission systems)
 The ventilation control and
regulation systems (flow variation,
centralised technical
management (CTM), etc.)
 Energy recovery devices
 Air cleaners and the different
types of ventilation system
chosen (general ventilation,
specific ventilation, with or
without air conditioning, etc.).
[1, p. 238]
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Exercises.
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Analysis
Define a ventilation
plan for a room of
your company.
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Analysis
Did you consider…
 the air system
 the fans
 the ventilation control and
regulation systems
 energy recovery devices
 air cleaners and the different
types of ventilation system
chosen?
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Business Case.
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Practical example – office
building in Mannheim
 Project:Optimisation of the
ventilation system
 Problem: High energy
consumption
 Measures:
 Exchange of all ventilatiors
 Installation of new ventilators &
driving motors
[6, p. 34]
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Practical example - Würzburg
Transport services
Ventilation improvements: Savings and Amortisation
ISSUE
COSTS
Investment costs
71.455 €
Armortisation
Around 1,7 years
Energy saving
115 kW
Volumetric flows
+ 9430 m3/h
Cost savings
41.900 /a
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[6, p. 34]
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Summary.
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Repetition
 It is estimated that 10 % of the electricity
consumption in companies is by
ventilation systems.
 Energy savings can be achived through
reducing cooling needs and improving
the effiency
 Organisational measures could be
rearranging workplace, changing
behaviour and technichal measures
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Readings
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[1] European Commission (2009): Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for
Energy Efficiency.
[2] CITEVE (2013): Critical Energy Saving Points for the Clothing Manufacturing
Process/Factory Environment, Deliverable D3.1.
[3] Gherzi: Savings potential, Deliverable D2.3
[4] EnergieAgentur.NRW (2012): Leitfaden. Effiziente Energienutzung in der Textilveredlung.
[5] Extra energy saving measures for Artisan Tool.
[6] Landesgewerbeamt Baden-Württemberg (2002): Energieeffiziente Lüftungsanalagen in
Betrieben. http://www.umweltschutzbw.de/PDF_Dateien/Wichtig_fuer_alle_Branchen/BaWue_Lueftungsanlagen.pdf
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More readings
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Origin energy: Energy Efficiency Fact Sheet
http://www.originenergy.com.au/files/SMEfs_HeatingAirCon.pdf
Hkfsd: Fire Safety Requirements for Ventilation / Air conditioning
Control Systems for Licensed Premises
http://www.hkfsd.gov.hk/eng/source/licensing/VAC_EN.pdf
Carbon Trust: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
http://www.carbontrust.com/media/7403/ctv046_heating_ventilation
_and_air_conditioning.pdf
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Pictures -1
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Slide 1 – Dee O‘Shell: Ventilator – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/deeoshell/5271108512/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 2 – Luigi Mengato: Overview – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/luigimengato/6331404824/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 3 – viZZZual.com: ventilator – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/vizzzual-dotcom/2732742219/sizes/m/in/photolist-5au24a/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 4 – Brian Snelson: Air conditioning fan 1 – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/exfordy/405051167/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 5 – John Loo: Wheel – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johnloo/3711663828/sizes/m/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 6 – Jim_K-Town: Simple cooling system – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/innovaticlab/5652951890/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 7 – GillyBerlin: Steckdose – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gillyberlin/3095818670/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 8 – Neil Bird: Energy Saver – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nechbi/1006657497/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
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Pictures -2
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Slide 9 – Thomas Angermann: Foto til et tag – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/angermann/3551261675/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 10 – Dennis Skley: *grübel* – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dskley/8627475625/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-ND 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 11 – Carissa Rogers: kid to do list, list, Be happy and go home – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rog2bark/3437630552/sizes/m/in/photolist-6eLKNh-c1mn5W-9Lcbki-9jeZKuCdE9B-6tQG1N-8cuPQg-6oCMfR-5R2t5b-9uCMNF-7WWKna-82Z8Cz-87uSWj-839wC-8QW9Yq-7pHc1U6qsYHC-gu1Ra-7Jq5QH-7Mfehz-7VWPxJ-6J37Hp-4QCVn9-8QzzeL-8w3ARY-5JaQRk-5wvNsm-fMnd2ffgRgs-4yar1X-dr9xUw-dJLTso-3bLKoc-5sane8-eT8xC-5QjTMr-55xTxK-iYZum-i8xKL-61m8xK-6YzqVs-7JKQkd5SyRgw-4VSKqq-avZUVo-4ZwxHC-3svSV-4qU25r-4sCr3S-PVLFS-5rMwqS/ License: CC BY 2.0
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Slide 13 – Florin Rosoga: DSCF8415 – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/florinrosoga/5811873948/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0
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Slide 14 – Peter Kaminski: STOP ALL WAY – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterkaminski/1510724/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
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Slide 15 – webmatch.de: Putzfrau gesucht – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/dogdoor/5567592161/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 16 – Wonderlane: DANN Behavior Observations – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/3103598269/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 17 – grisei: wurm3 – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/grisei/363329205/sizes/m/in/photostream/
License: CC BY 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 18 – fihu: Fenster auf – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/fihu/2104980022/sizes/m/in/photostream/
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
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Pictures -3
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Slide 19 – Anja Nowak: 04.07.2013 – Leck – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pommeranze/9541005886/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 20 – BiblioArchives/ LibraryArchives: Ottawa Technical School students studying to become radio
technicians and mechanics with the R.C.A.F / Des étudiants de l'école technique d'Ottawa étudient pour
devenir techniciens radio ou mécaniciens dans l'Aviation royale du Canada – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/lac-bac/7797312736/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 21 – Metro Centric: Köln / Cologne – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/16782093@N03/10368063274/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 22 – mlpeixoto: Timer de Cozinha em forma de Tomate – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mlpeixoto/5351547427/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 23 – Vetatur Fumare: Vintage aftermarket air conditioning sticker on an old Alfa Romeo Montreal – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/10047629@N04/9602181809/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 24 – Ramesh NG: Window – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rameshng/6045027221/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY-SA 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 25 – Steve Jurvetson: Google‘s Master Plan – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/21470089/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
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Slide 26 – Florian Simeth: Arbeiten von zu Hause mit dem Laptop – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/hangout-lifestyle/5865980513/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 27 – Bilal Kamoon: Question Mark Graffiti – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/bilalkamoon/6835060992/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 28 – Photocapy: ! – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/photocapy/3834784192/sizes/m/in/photostream/
License: CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 29 – Son of Groucho: Not Our Guide – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/sonofgroucho/3855487710/sizes/z/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Slide 30 – Anthony Easton: overhang of 80s office building, port huron – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pinkmoose/4556314563/sizes/m/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Slide 32 – Kutchala Sutchi: Repetition, 23.03.'10, Abidjan-Yopougon (4640) – URI:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kutchala/4469943694/sizes/o/in/photostream/ License: CC BY 2.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)
Slide 33 – evoo73: Windows – URI: http://www.flickr.com/photos/evoo73/3702164848/sizes/l/in/photolist6D9yCq-68gUgN-byrkkv-6yHq7C-68qZeB-6bSytR-7MgbcK-774LZw-65Q13g-66126u-7mwo9M-6gsSTp-64Xrqo8UZ4bD-65WEyZ-6yDoqg-6iTjcM-6D6Bn8-6cn7SD-4YQTvN-4nXt13-59cxnL-4jJGzk-5nMcV5-5zaTqE-5PigRp5BzJ8t-4hyNRJ-4wSa3V-52MssZ-5ASMt2-5G4T5b-4huHLX-4ZjNaQ-4Atiro-4pV2fU-4Asw56-4x5nLb-5bVxBy5k6PoW-5gKVHk-4og7bV-4jJHqg-4huGaK-4YBT4N-5j5YhW-5GEMMi-5bRuuP-4hyNiE-4jNuQo-52Ducc/ License:
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