Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/25253 holds various files of this Leiden University
dissertation.
Author: Schoenmaker, Christie
Title: From infancy to young adulthood : The Leiden Longitudinal Adoption Study
Issue Date: 2014-04-16
From infancy to young adulthood:
The Leiden Longitudinal Adoption Study
Christie Schoenmaker
Printed by Mostert & Van Onderen, Leiden
Copyright © 2014, Christie Schoenmaker
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically,
by photocopy, by recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from
the author.
From infancy to young adulthood:
The Leiden Longitudinal Adoption Study
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op woensdag 16 april 2014
klokke 15.00 uur
door
Christie Schoenmaker
geboren te Voorburg
in 1988
Promotiecommissie
Promotores:
Prof. dr. F. Juffer
Prof. dr. M.H. van IJzendoorn
Co-promotor:
Dr. M. Linting
Overige leden:
Prof. dr. M.A.G. van Aken (Universiteit Utrecht)
Prof. dr. L.R.A. Alink
Prof. dr. G. Bosmans (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)
The studies described in the current thesis were supported by funding from
Wereldkinderen awarded to F. Juffer, and by grants of the Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) awarded to M.H. van IJzendoorn
(NWO SPINOZA prize) and M.J. Bakermans-Kranenburg (VIDI grant no. 45204-306; VICI grant no. 453-09-003).
Contents
Chapter 1.
General introduction: Does family matter? The well-being
of children growing up in institutions, foster care and
adoption
9
Chapter 2.
Cognitive and health-related outcomes after exposure to
early malnutrition: The Leiden Longitudinal Adoption
Study
47
Chapter 3.
From maternal sensitivity in infancy to adult attachment
representations: A longitudinal adoption study with secure
base scripts
61
Chapter 4.
Attachment and physiological reactivity to infant crying in
young adulthood: Dissociation between experiential and
physiological arousal in insecure adoptees
79
Chapter 5.
General discussion
101
Appendices
Nederlandse samenvatting (Summary in Dutch)
Dankwoord (Acknowledgements)
Curriculum Vitae
Lijst van publicaties (List of publications)
113
119
121
123
6|
Table 1. Summary of the included variables per chapter of the thesis.
Infancy
Ch. 2 Early malnutrition
Middle childhood
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Somatic problems
Intelligence
Somatic problems
Intelligence
Somatic problems
Intelligence
Socioeconomic
success
Ch. 3 Maternal sensitivity Maternal sensitivity Maternal sensitivity
Attachment
Attachment
Attachment
Ch. 4
Attachment
Arousal to infant
crying
Attachment
Early
Malnutrition
5 months
6m
9m
12m
Maternal
Sensitivity
18m
7 years
30m
14 years
P
S
Social
Personality
Behavior
23 years
B
S
C
B
C
P
Cognition
Somatic
problems
Intelligence
Arousal to
infant crying
Socioeconomic
success
Figure 1. Design of the Leiden Longitudinal Adoption Study and variables included in
the current thesis; M: Months, S: Social Development, B: Behavioral Development, C:
Cognitive Development, P: Personality Development.
|7
Outline of the thesis
In the current thesis we investigated the development of international adoptees
from infancy to young adulthood in the Leiden Longitudinal Adoption Study
(LLAS), focusing on longitudinal as well as concurrent relations between
measures in infancy, middle childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. The
chapters are organized in the following manner. Chapter 1 provides a review of
research on the cognitive and social-emotional development of children exposed
to different ‘natural experiments’, such as institutional care and (early) adoption.
In the first empirical study (Chapter 2), we focus on the long-term consequences
of early malnutrition for cognitive and health-related outcomes including
intelligence, somatic problems, and socioeconomic success. Chapter 3 reports
on the longitudinal pathways linking maternal sensitivity and attachment, and
addresses the question whether early parental sensitivity plays a role in predicting
attachment representations of adopted young adults. In Chapter 4 concurrent
associations between adopted young adults´ attachment representations and
their experiential and physiological arousal (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
to infant cry sounds are investigated. In Chapter 5 the results of the studies are
discussed and integrated. For an overview of the variables included in this thesis,
see Table 1 and Figure 1.
1