Community Development
Tourism as a Sustainable
Alternative
Emily McIntyre
Agenda
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Introduction
Sustainability and Community-based Tourism
Case Study: Operation Wallacea, Indonesia
Stakeholder Involvement and Participation
Collaboration and Partnerships
Stakeholder Activity
Benefits of Community-based Tourism
Obstacles to Community-based Tourism
Recommendations for the Future
Conclusion
Introduction
Sustainability and Communitybased Tourism
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Empowering Communities
Providing Opportunities
Grassroots involvement
Democracy and Holistic Planning
Break free from the destructive influences of mass
tourism
• Regard for Socio-cultural and economic
conditions
• Treated as subjects, and not objects
Operation Wallacea, Indonesia
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Stakeholder involvement in processes
Traditional knowledge and cultural variables
Education in Resource management and English
Radio Announcements
Work with Non-profit FORKANI
Environmental and Cultural preservation
Initiatives to spread the income
Doxey’s Irridex
Stakeholder Involvement and
Participation
• Local Control
• All voices should be heard
• Stakeholder’s involved in
all processes from the
beginning
• Indigenous systems are
often more sustainable
(Sharpley and Telfer,
2002)
• Harmonized with cultural
traditions
• Community cohesion and
cooperation
Collaboration and Partnerships
• Lack of coordination in developing countries
• Collaborative effort is necessary for success in
developing tourism
• Private, Public and Government Agencies
• Cross-border Cooperation
• Co-management as a solution to share resources
(Plummer and Fitzgibbon, 2004)
• Collaboration under Sustainable Development
Debate: How may partnerships be a benficial? A
barrier?
Partnerships (Bramwell and
Lane, 2000)
Benefits
-Range of stakeholders
involved for change and
improvements
-Democracy
-Social acceptance
-Coordination of policies
- Importance of noneconomic issues
-Pooling of resources
-Non-tourism activities may
be encouraged
Barriers
-Limited tradition of
stakeholders participating
in policy making
-Difficult for equal
representation
-Healthy conflict may be
stifled
-Collaborative efforts may
be under-resourced
-May block innovation
-Costly & time consuming
Benefits of Community-based
Tourism
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Higher degree of local participation
Community-friendly destinations
Infrastructure development
Local products and labour
Raises community-awareness
Economic benefits
Obstacles to Community-based
Tourism
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Traditional views of Power concentration
Political power or coercion
Role of Women
Inadequate local expertise in tourism
A sense of inadequacy
Economic Issues
Recommendations for the Future
Conclusion
• Community-based tourism provides a more
sustainable alternative than mass tourism
• Role of Community leaders
• Continual monitoring and management
• Potential for Political, Social, Economic and
Psychological empowerment
• Acheives sustainability, harmony and
cultural integrity
Questions
• How may partnerships be a barrier to these
communities?
References
Bramwell, B. and Lane, B. (2000). Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships:
Politics, Practice and Sustainability. Great Britain: Biddles Ltd.
Jamal, T. and Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and Community Tourism
Planning. Annals of Tourism Research 22 (1), 186-204.
Plummer, R. and Fitzgibbon, J. (2004). Co-Management of Natural Resources: A
Proposed Framework. Environmental Management 33 (6), 876-885.
Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D. (2002). Tourism and Development: Concepts and
Issues. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.