Thinking About Psychology
The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e
Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2012
Individual Variation Domain
Motivation and Emotion
Module 27
Emotion
Module Overview
• Theories of Emotion
• Fear: A Closer Look
• The Expression of Emotion
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Module 27: Emotion
Theories of Emotion
Emotions
• Whole-organism responses, involving
– Physiological arousal
– Expressive behaviors and
– Conscious
experience.
Debates in Emotion Research
• Which comes first,
physiological arousal or
the subjective experience
of an emotion?
• Can we react emotionally
before appraising a
situation, or does thinking
always precede emotion?
Module 27: Emotion
Theories of Emotion:
Historical Approaches
Common Sense Theory
• Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a
conscious feeling (fear, anger) and a
physiological response.
• Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of
fear and physical responses such as
trembling.
William James (1842-1910)
• Psychologist who believed our
awareness of physiological responses
leads to our experience of emotion.
• Developed the James-Lange Theory of
Emotions
Carl Lange (1834-1900)
• Danish physiologist who
proposed a theory of emotion
similar to, and at about the
same time as, James’s theory
the awareness of
physiological responses leads
to experiences of emotion.
• Developed the James-Lange
Theory of Emotions
James-Lange Theory
• The theory that we experience emotion
because we are aware of our bodily
response to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
• Our awareness of the physiological reaction
leads to our experience of an emotion.
Walter Cannon (1871-1945)
• American physiologist
who, with Philip Bard,
concluded that
physiological arousal and
emotional experience
occur simultaneously.
• Developed the Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
• The theory that an emotion-arousing
stimulus simultaneously triggers
physiological responses and the
subjective experience of an emotion.
Module 27: Emotion
Theories of Emotion:
Cognition and Emotion
Cognitive Appraisal
• One’s thoughts about a situation
• How a person interprets a situation in
the environment
Stanley Schachter (1922-1997)
• American physiologist
who, with Jerome Singer,
concluded that emotion
requires a cognitive label
of physiological arousal.
• Developed the SchachterSinger Two Factor Theory
of Emotion
Two-Factor Theory
• The theory that to
experience emotion we
must be physically
aroused and must
cognitively label the
arousal.
•Stanley Schachter
Two-Factor Theory
• Emotions involve two
factors:
– A physiological arousal
– A cognitive label of the
arousal
• Also called the SchachterSinger Theory
•Stanley Schachter
•Theories of Emotions Review
Robert Zajonc (1923-2008)
• American psychologist who
concluded that some
emotional reactions involve
no deliberate thinking;
• he believed that cognition is
not always necessary for
emotion.
• Some emotions skip the
thinking part of the brain
Robert Zajonc (1923-2008)
Richard Lazarus (1922- 2002)
• American psychologist who
concluded that some
emotional responses do not
require conscious thought
• but still involve some kind
of unconscious cognitive
appraisal.
Richard Lazarus (1922- 2002)
Module 27: Emotion
Fear: A Closer Look
Autonomic Nervous System
• The division of the peripheral nervous
system that controls the glands and
muscles of the internal organs;
• its subdivisions are the sympathetic
(arousing) division and the
parasympathetic (calming) division.
• Monitors the autonomic functions
• Controls breathing, blood pressure, and
digestive processes
Divisions of the Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the
autonomic nervous
system that arouses
the body to deal
with perceived
threats
• Fight or flight
response
Divisions of the Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
• The part of the autonomic nervous
system that calms the body
• Brings the body back down to a relaxed
state
Divisions of the Nervous System
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the
Autonomic Nervous System
Module 27: Emotion
The Expression of
Emotion
Module 27: Emotion
The Expression of
Emotion:
Nonverbal
Communication
Nonverbal Communication
• Communicating feelings without words:
--Facial expressions
– Tone of voice
– Hand gestures
• Also called “body language”
Module 27: Emotion
The Expression of
Emotion:
Gender and Cultural
Effects on Emotion
Gender Effects
• Women are better at reading nonverbal
communication of emotions.
• Women tend to express emotions more
than men do.
Gender Effects
Display Rules
• The cultural rules governing how and
when a person may express emotion.
• Rules greatly vary from culture to
culture.
Facial Expressions
• Paul Ekman studied facial expressions
in an attempt to determine if they are
inborn or culturally based.
The End
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Teacher Information
• Domain Coding
– Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards,
these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the
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National Standards.
• Scientific Inquiry Domain
• Biopsychology Domain
• Development and Learning Domain
• Social Context Domain
• Cognition Domain
• Individual Variation Domain
• Applications of Psychological Science Domain
• Key Terms and Definitions in Red
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Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually
slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in
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• Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides,
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for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and
remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to
think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any
questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
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